Camelia Papuc

Mechanisms of Oxidative Processes in Meat and Toxicity Induced by Postprandial Degradation Products: A Review

Antioxidant system loss after slaughtering, reactive species production, cell disruption, contact with oxygen and light, heme and nonheme iron, and irradiation starts up mainly by 2 related oxidative processes: lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Products generated in these processes are responsible for meat quality loss, and some of them are suspected to be toxic to humans. This review article is focused on reactive species implicated in oxidative processes in meat, on lipid peroxidation mechanisms, heme protein, and nonheme protein oxidation, and on some toxic oxidation and digestion products. Nonenzymatic fatty acid peroxidation is exemplified by an arachidonic acyl group, and the initiation of chain reaction can be described by 3 pathways: singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical from the Fenton reaction, and perferrylmyoglobin. Enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids is exemplified using linoleic acid, and the main characteristics of lipoxygenase are also presented. Heme protein oxidation is described in an interrelation with lipid peroxidation and the significance for food quality is shown. For protein oxidation, 3 different mechanism types are described: oxidation of amino acid residues, oxidation of protein backbone, and reactions of proteins with carbonyl compounds from lipid peroxidation. The effects of oxidative damage on protein properties and bioavailability are also shown. At the end of each oxidative process, the postprandial toxicity induced by oxidation products and the dietary degradation products are presented. Also discussed are reports by some researchers who suggest that dietary lipid and protein oxidation products and heme iron from red meat are in part cytotoxic and/or genotoxic.

Plant Polyphenols as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents for Shelf-Life Extension of Meat and Meat Products: Classification, Structures, Sources, and Action Mechanisms

Oxidative processes and meat spoilage bacteria are major contributors to decreasing the shelf-life of meat and meat products. Oxidative processes occur during processing, storage, and light exposure, lowering the nutritional and sensory value and acceptability of meat and generating toxic compounds for humans. Polyphenols inhibit oxidative processes in 3 ways: as reactive species scavengers, lipoxygenase inhibitors, and reducing agents for metmyoglobin. Thus, polyphenols are candidate antioxidants for meat and meat products. The cross-contamination of meat with spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms can occur in production lines and result in economic losses. The ability of polyphenols to interact with bacterial cell wall components and the bacterial cell membrane can prevent and control biofilm formation, as well as inhibit microbial enzymes, interfere in protein regulation, and deprive bacterial cell enzymes of substrates and metal ions. Thus, polyphenols are candidate antimicrobial agents for use with meat and meat products. Commercially available polyphenols can decrease primary and secondary lipid peroxidation levels, inhibit lipoxygenase activity, improve meat color stability, minimize the degradation of salt-soluble myofibrillar protein and sulfhydryl groups, and retard bacterial growth. Further studies are now needed to clarify the synergistic/antagonistic action of various polyphenols, and to identify the best polyphenol classes, concentrations, and conditions of use.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF HAWTHORN (CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA) BERRIES ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND BUTYLATED HYDROXYLANISOLE (BHA) ON LIPID PEROXIDATION, MYOGLOBIN OXIDATION, CONSISTENCY AND FIRMNESS OF MINCED PORK DURING REFRIGERATION

BACKGROUND Following public concern on the use of synthetic food antioxidants, there is an increasing demand for the application of mixed or purified natural antioxidants to maintain quality of meat products quality during storage. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of hawthorn berry, compared to butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA), on lipid peroxidation, myoglobin oxidation, protein electrophoresis pattern, consistency and firmness of minced pork during refrigeration at 4 °C, and to identify the relationship between chemical modifications and consistency variation. RESULTS After 6 days of refrigeration it was found that the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value of minced pork containing 200 mg GAE kg-1 total phenolics in minced meat (200 HP) was significantly lower (0.1543 ± 0.006 mg) compared to BHA-treated meat. The ratio of oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin in treated minced pork was respectively 0.845 for 200 HP and 0.473 for BHA-treated minced meat. Concentrations of 100 HP or 300 HP will generate statistically higher firmness than BHA in minced pork. CONCLUSION Hawthorn berry ethanolic extract was more effective than BHA in reducing lipid oxidation and protein degradation, for maintaining firmness and consistency of minced pork during 6 days of refrigeration at 4 °C.

Effect of the Dietary Willow Bark Extract (Salix Alba) on the Caecal Microbial Population of Broilers (14-28 Days) Reared at 32˚C

Abstract A feeding trial was performed on 60, Cobb 500 broiler chicks (14-28 days) assigned to 2 groups (C, E) housed in an experimental hall with 32˚C air temperature, 36% humidity and 23 h light regimen. The conventional diet (C), with corn and soybean meal as basic ingredients, had 3082.48 kcal/kg metabolisable energy and 19.99% crude protein. Unlike the diet of C group, the diet of experimental group (E) had 1% willow bark extract (Salix alba). At the age of 28 days, 5 broilers/group were slaughtered and samples of caecal content were collected for bacteriological examination. Compared to group C, the pathogenic bacteria, Enterobacteriacee and Escherichia coli (colony forming units), were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in the caecum content, while the units of lactobacilli were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in group E. Throughout the experimental period, under heat stress, no mortalities were recorded.The inclusion of 1% willow bark extract in broiler diets (14-28 days) reared under heat stress reduced the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and stimulated the growth of favourable bacteria such as lactobacilli in the gut.