Camelia Prodan

Low-frequency, low-field dielectric spectroscopy of living cell suspensions

We have developed a dielectric spectroscopy technique for low-frequencies and low-electric field amplitudes. The excellent sensitivity of this method enables us to apply field amplitudes that are below the linear threshold. The dielectric constants of inorganic and organic liquids are found to be consistent with the previously reported experimental data and theoretical predictions.

The Dielectric Response of Spherical Live Cells in Suspension: An Analytic Solution

We develop a theoretical framework to describe the dielectric response of live cells in suspensions when placed in low external electric fields. The treatment takes into account the presence of the cells membrane and of the charge movement at the membranes surfaces. For spherical cells suspended in aqueous solutions, we give an analytic solution for the dielectric function, which is shown to account for the alpha- and beta-plateaus seen in many experimental data. The effect of different physical parameters on the dielectric curves is methodically analyzed.

The dielectric behaviour of living cell suspensions

The dielectric permittivity of suspensions of arbitrarily shaped, shelled and charged particles is calculated in the limit of small concentrations and weak applied electrical fields. It is proved that the dielectric behaviour at low frequencies is dominated by the effects of the diffusion of the free charges on the shell surfaces. Our theoretical formula is valid in the low range of frequencies ( dispersion) as well as in the high range of frequencies ( dispersion). It will result that one can measure the membrane electrical potential by a simple investigation of the dielectric properties of living cell suspensions.

Probing the membrane potential of living cells by dielectric spectroscopy

In this paper we demonstrate a quantitative way to measure the membrane potential of live cells by dielectric spectroscopy. We also show that the values of the membrane potential obtained using our technique are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional methods—voltage-sensitive dyes. The membrane potential is determined by fitting the experimental dielectric dispersion curves with the dispersion curves obtained from a theoretical model. Variations in the membrane potential were induced by modifying the concentration of potassium chloride in the solution of the cell suspension in the presence of valinomycin. For exemplification of the method, E. coli was chosen for our experiments.

Quantifying the membrane potential during E. coli growth stages.

The presence of the resting membrane potential has a strong effect on the dielectric behavior of cell suspensions. Using this observation and a well-established theoretical model, the low frequency dielectric dispersion curves of E. coli cell suspensions are de-convoluted to obtain the resting membrane potential of E. coli cells at various growth stages. Four regions of the exponential growth stage are investigated and the measurements indicate that the membrane depolarizes from -220mV in the early exponential phase to -140mV in the late exponential phase. The conductivity of the cell suspension is also found to decrease as the cells progress from the early to the late exponential phases.

Correcting the polarization effect in very low frequency dielectric spectroscopy

Polarization impedance appears at the interface between electrodes and ionic solutions and is a major source of errors in dielectric spectroscopy measurements. This work presents a simple, robust and automated methodology for measuring and analysing the polarization impedance of non-dispersive electrolytes, with a focus on the very low frequency domain from 1 Hz and up. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing the corrected dielectric permittivity and conductivity of various electrolytes either with their nominal values or with measurements taken with other high precision measuring devices. The dependence of the polarization impedance on several parameters, such as ionic concentration, applied voltage and separation distance between the electrodes, is also presented. For colloidal suspensions, it is argued that a modified protocol of the substitution method is needed due to several shortcomings occurring only in the very low frequency domain. Such a protocol is presented and tested on suspensions of live E. coli cells. As opposed to most of the existing methodologies for polarization removal, the proposed protocol makes no assumptions on the behaviour of the polarization impedance. This could potentially lead to the quantitative resolution of the α-dispersion of live cells in suspension. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)

Dynamical Majorana edge modes in a broad class of topological mechanical systems

Mechanical systems can display topological characteristics similar to that of topological insulators. Here we report a large class of topological mechanical systems related to the BDI symmetry class. These are self-assembled chains of rigid bodies with an inversion centre and no reflection planes. The particle-hole symmetry characteristic to the BDI symmetry class stems from the distinct behaviour of the translational and rotational degrees of freedom under inversion. This and other generic properties led us to the remarkable conclusion that, by adjusting the gyration radius of the bodies, one can always simultaneously open a gap in the phonon spectrum, lock-in all the characteristic symmetries and generate a non-trivial topological invariant. The particle-hole symmetry occurs around a finite frequency, and hence we can witness a dynamical topological Majorana edge mode. Contrasting a floppy mode occurring at zero frequency, a dynamical edge mode can absorb and store mechanical energy, potentially opening new applications of topological mechanics.

Complex Dielectric Properties of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Suspensions

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can potentially enhance the remediation of heavy metals in the subsurface. Previous geophysical research has demonstrated the sensitivity of electrical measurements to SRB-mediated mineral transformation in porous media. However, the inherent dielectric properties of SRB and their direct contribution to the electrical properties of porous media are poorly understood. We studied the complex dielectric properties of SRB (Desulfovibrio vulgaris) suspensions at different concentrations and at different growth stages using a two-electrode dielectric spectroscopy measurement over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. Our results show higher dielectric responses (relative dielectric permittivity, real and imaginary conductivity) occurred with higher bacteria concentration at frequencies <10 kHz. Additionally, permittivity and conductivity both decreased as cells aged from mid-log phase to late stationary phase. Our results suggest that dielectric spectroscopy measurements can be used to noninvasively monitor biomass and various growth stages of SRB. Our work advances the interpretation of electrical signals associated with SRB observed in the subsurface.

High-Tc SQUID-based impedance spectroscopy of living cell suspensions

We provide a method of measuring dielectric properties of living cell suspensions based on high sensitivity of High-Tc SQUID. The dispersion curves of conductivity and dielectric permittivity are measured in the range of low range of frequencies and small applied electric fields.

Scalable nano-bioprobes with sub-cellular resolution for cell detection.

Here we present a carbon nanotube based device to noninvasively and quickly detect mobile single cells with the potential to maintain a high degree of spatial resolution. The device utilizes standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies for fabrication, allowing it to be easily scalable (down to a few nanometers). Nanotubes are deposited using electrophoresis after fabrication in order to maintain CMOS compatibility. The devices are spaced by 6 μm which is the same size or smaller than a single cell. To demonstrate its capability to detect cells, we performed impedance spectroscopy on mobile human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, neurons cells from mice, and yeast cells (S. pombe). Measurements were performed with and without cells and with and without nanotubes. Nanotubes were found to be crucial to successfully detect the presence of cells. The devices are also able to distinguish between cells with different characteristics.