Carl Binding

Flexible Charging Optimization for Electric Vehicles Considering Distribution Grid Constraints

In this paper, the basic functions of an electric vehicle charging service provider are described with a focus on the associated optimization problems. A novel method of planning the charging of electric drive vehicles including electricity grid constraints, both voltage and power, is shown. The method establishes an individual charging plan for each vehicle and avoids distribution grid congestion while satisfying the requirements of the individual vehicle owners. The concepts proposed in this paper are tested on a simulated electricity grid. It is shown that both power and voltage constraints due to electric vehicle charging can be avoided using the proposed method.

Planning electric-drive vehicle charging under constrained grid conditions

This paper presents a novel method of planning the charging of electric-drive vehicles that takes electricity grid constraints into account. The method computes an individual charging plan for each vehicle while minimizing the cost of electricity, avoiding distribution grid congestion, and satisfying the individual vehicle owners requirements. The underlying algorithm is explained through a simple example and tested on a simulated electricity grid. The method is shown to significantly reduce the overloading in the electricity grid compared to charging schemes that do not consider grid constraints.

Electric vehicle fleet integration in the danish EDISON project - A virtual power plant on the island of Bornholm

The Danish EDISON project has been launched to investigate how a large fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) can be integrated in a way that supports the electric grid while benefitting both the individual car owners and society as a whole through reductions in CO2 emissions. The consortium partners include energy companies, technology suppliers and research laboratories and institutes. The aim is to perform a thorough investigation of the challenges and opportunities of EVs and then to deliver a technical platform that can be demonstrated on the Danish island of Bornholm. To reach this goal, a vast amount of research is done in various areas of EV technology by the partners. This paper will focus on the ICT-based distributed software integration, which plays a major role for the success of EDISON. Key solution technologies and standards that will accommodate communication and optimize the coordination of EVs will be described as well as the simulation work that will help to reach the goals of the project.

Architecture and Communication of an Electric Vehicle Virtual Power Plant

This paper outlines an architectue of an electric vehicle (EV) based vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integrating virtual power plant (VPP). The overall system architecture, a sketch of the trip-prediction algorithm, and the associated optimization problem are provided. The communication requirements for our proposed architecture are derived, with emphasis on its reliabil- ity, responsiveness, security, and application-level behaviour. We propose extensive use of well- known, standardized, communica- tion protocols between EVs and the centralized VPP to transmit status and trip information from EVs to the VPP as well as to control the charging process.

Towards pluggable discovery frameworks for mobile and pervasive applications

This paper proposes a component-based programming approach to discovery. In this approach, individual discovery protocols, access models and authentication mechanisms are represented as software components called handlers. Handlers are registered with and coordinated by a software framework called a discovery agent. Configured with a battery of handlers, a discovery agent answers query and advertisement requests on behalf of mobile and other applications and applies authentication and access control policies. Based on its set of handlers, a diversity of request types and formats can be routed, translated, and fulfilled by a discovery agent. Discovery agents can easily be reconfigured, adapted, and extended as new underlying discovery protocols or client request types must be supported. A discovery agent can operate as a Web service, and can be deployed by an enterprise to service discovery requests on behalf of visiting clients. A discovery agent can also operate as a trusted co-module running on a device, and is useful for supporting mobile applications which move among environments and must accommodate a diversity of local discovery protocols.

Charging service elements for an electric vehicle charging service provider

Electric vehicles are often seen as a key element in smart grids. Potentially, electric vehicles can be used for providing grid services, both for peak shaving and for ancillary services. To achieve this, an aggregator or charging service provider could control the charging of large electric vehicle fleets or, if sufficient information is available to the vehicle, the EV itself can control the charging and provide these services. In the literature, little attention is devoted to the charging services offered to the EV user. This paper outlines a set of building blocks for such end-user charging services. These building blocks can easily be transformed into objectives and constraints in a charging schedule optimization problem formulation. The focus of this paper is on describing the various potential service elements rather than on assembling actual products from these elements.

Aggregating the flexibility provided by domestic hot-water boilers to offer tertiary regulation power in Switzerland

This paper shows how the flexibility provided by domestic hot-water boilers can be aggregated to offer power system services. The focus is on tertiary regulation power in Switzerland. The paper reports on our experience and conclusions from real-world experiments with electricity consumers and on the methods used. It thus also provides a starting point for other types of demand-side management using end consumers.

FlexLast: An IT-centric solution for balancing the electric power grid

How can energy from renewable sources be integrated in large quantities into the power supply without overwhelming the grid? A collaboration between BKW, the electric utility in the Canton of Bern, IBM, Migros, Switzerlands largest retailer and supermarket chain, and Swissgrid, the national grid operator is creating a unique solution that applies advanced algorithms to data on the state of the grid and large freezer warehouses to optimize and manage the consumption of power for cooling to help balance the grid. In this paper we describe the architecture of the system and examine the business case required to make this approach feasible.

Toward electric vehicle trip prediction for a charging service provider

This paper outlines the need for and the requirements of trip prediction to optimally derive the charging behavior of plug-in electric vehicles. The information required for trip prediction by a charging-service provider is shown, and a novel trip prediction model is proposed. The proposed model is a semi-Markov model that predicts the next arrival location and the waiting time at the current location. Combining this with a prediction of the energy need and the duration of the trip to the predicted location provides a basis for determining the charging behavior. The proposed prediction model is compared with a naive predictor that uses yesterdays trips to predict todays trips. It is shown that the proposed model predicts the next location with 84% accuracy.

Generation of Java Beans to access XML data

Describes a technique to automatically generate a set of Java Beans accessing data encoded according to some XML document type definition (DTD). This technique does not support any XML-based markup but can be applied to a sufficiently large class of XML-compliant markup language to make the approach of practical interest. The generated Java Beans can be used as data accessors to deliver dynamic or static content for markup pages used in an Internet-style application. We briefly describe the technology environment into which our solution is embedded and provide an in-depth treatment of the mapping from XML data on to a flattened relational data model, including an example to illustrate our approach.