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Popolazione e storia | 2000

Legal infanticide: Foundling mortality and its measurement in turn-of-the-century Italy, with special reference to the Casa dell’Annunziata of Naples

Carl Ipsen

Infanticidio legale: la mortalita dei trovatelli e la sua misura nell’Italia di fine ’800, con particolare riferimento alla Casa dell’Annunziata di Napoli In questo articolo si esamina il dibattito attorno alla mortalita dei trovatelli sviluppatosi in Italia nel periodo a cavallo tra la fine del XIX secolo e l’inizio del Novecento. Il lavoro prende spunto da analisi fatte da vari studiosi di demografia storica sul fenomeno dell’abbandono in aree urbane (Firenze, Bologna, Milano), utilizzando statistiche qualitativamente molto buone rispetto alla media, e cerca di comporre un quadro generale dell’andamento e dei livelli del fenomeno facendo uso di molte delle pubblicazioni disponibili dell’epoca (comprese statistiche ufficiali) che contengono anche stime della misura dell’abbandono dei bambini. L’approccio e quello di considerare distintamente le varie tipologie dell’abbandono – illegittimi, illegittimi non riconosciuti, esposti – e le diverse misure adoperate per valutare la loro mortalita. Confrontando i livelli di mortalita dei trovatelli con quelli della mortalita infantile della zona e facile vedere che, molto probabilmente, punte che superano il 500 per mille erano frequenti tra le categorie degli abbandonati e, in certi casi, il livello saliva ben al di sopra di quella soglia arrivando a cifre che giustificano il parere della White Mario, la quale (assieme ad altri) paragonava la situazione dei trovatelli ad una forma di infanticidio legale. Il lavoro si conclude con un esame della particolare situazione della Casa dell’Annunziata di Napoli, uno dei brefotrofi piu importanti d’Italia, partendo dallo scandalo che la investi nel 1897 ed esaminandone le ragioni. Legal Infanticide: Foundling mortality and its measurement in turn-of-the-century Italy, with special reference to the Casa dell’Annunziata of Naples This article explores the debate surrounding foundling mortality in Italy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It first considers the studies of several scholars who have directed their attention at important centres (Florence, Bologna, Milan) which offer statistical material of generally much better quality than the norm, but goes on to suggest that elsewhere the situation was likely considerably worse (and measured poorly or not at all). It seeks nonetheless to derive a general impression from a series of historical sources (including official statistics) beginning with measures of the scale and secular development of abandonment in general. It then examines the various categories used – illegitimates, recognized illegitimates, foundlings – and the various measures used to measure their mortalities. Where possible an attempt is made to compare these measures to infant mortality as measured today; very likely the foundling levels frequently exceeded 500 per thousand and in some cases rose to levels which well justified Jessie White Mario’s description of foundling care as a form of legal infanticide. The article closes with a more in-depth study of the Casa dell’Annunziata of Naples, one of Italy’s most important foundling homes, and the shocking levels of mortality revealed by the 1897 scandal and subsequent investigation. It also offers some unpublished figures for that home.


Popolazione e storia | 2002

Under the Stats of Fascism: The Italian Population Projections of 1929-31

Carl Ipsen

Under the Stats of Fascism: The Italian Population Projections of 1929-31 This paper explores the state-of-the-art projections for the Italian population carried out by Corrado Gini and Bruno de Finetti in 1929-31. Those projections were highly sophisticated and well displayed the considerable abilities of Gini and de Finetti. Yet while they were mathematically rigorous and detailed they inspired the criticism of other Italian demographers of the day, in particular Livio Livi, because of their reliance on the problematic 1921 census and unrealistic hypotheses regarding 1921-29 growth. Exploration of the projection, ensuing debate, and political context help to explain this situation. Gini’s projection responded to political necessity insofar as Mussolini demanded up-to-date demographic information in order to better enunciate his recently-launched population policy; il duce had in fact already set his own (unrealistic) goal for Italy’s population. In addition, Gini’s commitment to a display of mathematical sophistication would seem to have ruled out an approach that would have been both simpler and closer to the actual demographic situation. Sotto la statistica del fascismo: le previsioni demografiche del 1929-31 Questo saggio esamina le previsioni demografiche della popolazione italiana fatte da Corrado Gini e Bruno de Finetti negli anni 1929-31. Esse erano, per l’epoca, metodologicamente complesse e ben mostrano le considerevoli capacita di ricerca dei due autori. Nonostante il rigore matematico che le caratterizza, le previsioni furono criticate da altri demografi dell’epoca, principalmente da Livio Livi, per il fatto che presero come punto di partenza il problematico censimento del 1921 e considerarono un’ipotesi poco realistica per l’incremento demografico fra il 1921 ed il 1929. L’analisi dei meccanismi previsivi proposti, vista alla luce del dibattito che essi ispirarono e alla descrizione del contesto politico in cui si svilupparono, aiuta a spiegare le motivazioni che furono alla base delle previsioni. Esse risposero soprattutto ad una necessita politica, in quanto l’allora Capo del Governo Benito Mussolini chiedeva informazioni demografiche aggiornate per meglio giustificare e perseguire la politica demografica fascista di recente introduzione; il duce, infatti, aveva annunciato nel 1927 un obiettivo, in termini numerici, poco realistico per la popolazione italiana.


The American Historical Review | 1998

Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy

R. J. B. Bosworth; Carl Ipsen

Introduction 1. The background: fascism, European population policy, European demography, and the problem of population in liberal Italy 2. The organization of totalitarian demography 3. The realization of totalitarian demography I: spatial population movement 4. The realization of totalitarian demography II: quantitative and qualitative population management 5. The measurement of totalitarian demography Conclusion.


The American Historical Review | 1994

The European City.

Paul M. Hohenberg; Leonardo Benevolo; Carl Ipsen

Introduction. 1. Emergence from the Ancient World. 2. The Creation of a New Urban System. 3. The Touching Up of the Urban Environment. 4. Confrontation with the World. 5. The Difficult Adjustment to the Laws of Perspective. 6. The Industrial City. 7. Europe in the Contemporary World.


Population and Development Review | 1991

Population and nutrition: An essay on European demographic history

Massimo Livi-Bacci; Tania Croft-Murray; Carl Ipsen


Archive | 1993

The European city

Leonardo Benevolo; Carl Ipsen


Archive | 2006

Italy in the age of Pinocchio : children and danger in the liberal era

Carl Ipsen


Population and Development Review | 1998

Population policy in the age of fascism: observations on recent literature.

Carl Ipsen


Archive | 1991

Population and nutrition: Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time

Massimo Livi-Bacci; Tania Croft-Murray; Carl Ipsen


Archive | 2006

Italy in the age of Pinocchio

Carl Ipsen

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Paul M. Hohenberg

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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