Carla Orestano

The Introduced Green Alga Caulerpa Taxifolia Continues to Spread in the Mediterranean

The tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean has spread steadily since its introduction in 1984. At the end of 2000, approximately 131 km2 of benthos had been colonized in 103 independent areas along 191 km of coastline in six countries (Spain, France, Monaco, Italy, Croatia and Tunisia). Large regions neighboring the invaded areas appear favorable to further colonization, and there is thus no reason to believe that spreading will slow down in the years to come.

Standardization proposal for the mapping of Caulerpa taxifolia expansion in the Mediterranean sea

Fourteen years after the first observation of Caulerpa taxifolia (Valh) C. Agardh in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, this green alga of tropical origin is now present in five countries (Spain, France, Monaco, Italy and Croatia). By the end of 1997, more than 46 km2, at depths of between 0 and 50 m, were found to be affected by this expansion. A standardization of the cartographic procedure is proposed here. Such a standardization is necessary to compare maps produced by various organizations from different countries. For a given independent station, it is based on the definition of three levels of colonization: • - Level I refers to a station where one or several colonies less than 100 m apart cover a total surface area inferior to 1000 m2; • - Level II refers to a station where several colonies less than 250 m apart totally cover more than 1000 m2 with fragments and small colonies dispersed over a surface area inferior to 10 ha; • - Level III is attained when several large colonies are dispersed over a surface area superior to 10 ha, with a total covered surface of more than 1000 m2, impossible to map with precision due to its size. For each of these colonization levels, descriptive parameters can be used to precisely describe the situation: covered surface area, dispersion surface (i.e. “affected” zone), estimation of very large affected zones (i.e. “concerned” zones) and the portions of the coastline along which an affected or concerned zone can be found.

Seagrasses along the Sicilian coasts

All seagrass species known from the Mediterranean basin have been recorded along the Sicilian coast, where studies have been carried out at a very local scale and information is fragmented or confined to the grey literature. The objective of this article is to summarise and evaluate current knowledge on seagrass species on the Sicilian coasts, providing an overview of species distribution, genetic diversity, biology and ecology, based on the literature and unpublished data. Most literature studies have been carried out on Posidonia oceanica meadows because of their wide distribution, complexity and ecological importance. In this study, the analyses carried out on P. oceanica structural and functional features show that the Sicilian meadows are in good condition with respect to the Mediterranean average, probably because of relatively low anthropogenic pressure and favourable ecological conditions. The available data on this species summarised in this article represent an important starting point from which to build effective plans for understanding levels of environmental threats and for supporting conservation strategies for these important ecosystems. Conversely, the limited information available on other seagrasses only allows the description of some structural and functional features, and does not permit to drive overall conclusions on their general health status.