Carlos A. Moncada

Fare discrimination and daily demand distribution in the BRT system in Bogotá

Bogotá transport authority changed Bus Rapid Transit (Transmilenio) fares in August 2012 to manage congestion, particularly during peak hours. They reduced fares and implemented fare discrimination between peak and off-peak hours to balance demand and make the system more affordable. To estimate the variation in the relative distribution of daily demand between peak and off-peak hours, we used information pertaining to passenger demand on working days. Our main data source was the number of entrances into Transmilenio stations daily between 2011 and 2013. The data before the fare intervention was gathered between March 2011 and July 2012. Post intervention data was gathered between August 2012 and December 2013. We assumed that the users’ observable characteristics did not change either before or after the intervention was carried out. The fares decreased from a flat fare of COP 1750 (1 USD = 1780 COP in August 2012) to COP 1700 in peak hours and to COP 1400 in off-peak hours. This paper proposes a fixed effects model to estimate the effect of fare reduction in the ratio between peak and off-peak ridership hours. The results suggest that fare reduction produced changes in demand behaviour between peak and off-peak hours, reducing the peak to off-peak demand ratio (P/oP) by around 9%. This change has different levels of impact depending on the income levels associated with each Transmilenio station, with a stronger impact in low-income zones.

Relationship Between Accessibility to Polling Places and Electoral Abstention

One of the great factors to define the consolidation of democracy in the countries is to measure the percentage of electoral participation. For this reason, reducing abstention in electoral processes by increasing participation is one of the great challenges for the different countries that seek to move to full democracy. In this sense, Colombia has had a historical abstention of over 50% (period 1978 - 2018), which can be explained by various reasons such as the presence of the armed conflict or the remote location of some polling places. For this reason, this research seeks to analyze the location of the polling places in the urban area of Manizales and Villamaria, in order to quantify their accessibility through the pedestrian network and look at the population coverage, using the integral accessibility and the ordinary Kriging method as a predictive statistical geo method for the construction of the isochronous travel time curves.

Calculation of turns costs in accessibility models. Case study: Manizales, Colombia

Transport supply models, such as territorial accessibility, have been used over the years as a method of urban planning and transportation in various cities around the world. In this sense, it is essential to execute these models in reality as much as possible in order to make better decisions. Territorial accessibility models use the road infrastructure network and average speeds to calculate travel times. Using the Dijkstra minimum path algorithm, the minimum route in the road network can be found which includes the global turn costs since, hypothetically, the vehicles use more time when performing these maneuvers. In the city of Manizales, the turn costs has been determined in a subjective way, in the year 2011, in 69 seconds when turning left and 60 seconds when turning right, which has been used in various investigations of territorial accessibility in recent years. This investigative work seeks to update these turn costs for the city of Manizales in an empirical way. Videos will be recorded in 20 intersections according to a prioritization order described, which will be further analyzed taking into account the time spent by vehicles (cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles) when turning left and right. Subsequently, a statistical analysis is carried out to determine the new turn costs for use in territorial accessibility models for the city of Manizales. 2778 Santiago Cardona et al.

Evaluation based on territorial accessibility of the immediate road intervention in the municipality of Quibdo, Colombia

The structuring and empowerment of transport networks generate a strong impact on the economic and social development of a region, facilitating the interaction between users and services with the greatest possible benefit. Taking this into account, this proposal consists in carrying out the intervention and subsequent evaluation of the road infrastructure network of the municipality of Quibdó, Choco, through territorial accessibility, taking as a base the set of projects established by the municipal administration for 2025 in the Integral Mobility Plan. The evaluation of the interventions is carried out through the use of computer tools (ArcMap, Microsoft Excel, TransCad) through geostatistical models and linking socioeconomic variables (Area, Population, Housing).

Road redirection analysis. Case study: Araucarias Avenue, Manizales, Colombia

The purpose of this article is to study the road infrastructure of Manizales, Caldas, which presents a complex network of connections. It analyses road mobility in terms of geographical accessibility in the Araucarias Avenue, based on the study of the variations in times of travel between the place to be analyzed and the general context in the city by choosing specific points to evaluate the routes, taking into account aspects of territorial use, routes and dynamics linked to schedules and the direct relationship between accessibility and connectivity. The article exposes the results obtained in the investigation of the Avenue, presenting them as conclusions, differentiating between the methodology of analysis, the results and 3 scenarios with different road management conditions that impact the approach of the solutions to the problems.

Analysis of coverage for armed force land use in Pitalito (Colombia), through territorial accessibility

The expansion and growth of the municipalities, is influenced by different social and cultural problems that affect the normal functioning; among them, insecurity, which requires a high degree of commitment from the government entities to minimize the high impact on citizenship. For this reason, it is proposed to conduct a coverage analysis through territorial accessibility to assess the current condition of the security equipment system in the municipality of Pitalito, department of Huila, in order to identify the sectors with flaws and formulate possible solutions. The mechanics of evaluation considers the incorporation of geostatistical models through the use of statistical and GIS-type software, with which the construction of graphs and images of easy interpretation is possible.

Geographical coverage of the higher education offer and its relationship with social equity case study: Manizales university campus

Higher education is essential for the economic and social development of a country, generating social mobility in the different regions, mitigating the inequality and inequity that exist in the countries. In this sense, Manizales has focused its vision of the city in strengthening and developing as the main university city of the country, promoting different policies of support in research and academic offerings among the 6 main universities of the city, benefiting the nearly 50 thousand registered students. Therefore, it is essential to measure the geographic coverage, through the comprehensive accessibility, that higher education has in general and that of each university in particular, in order to find the current panorama of the city and its relationship with the population and the different socioeconomic strata.

From theory to reality, road safety in Colombia

During the last year, accident rates in Colombia have decreased significantly, and the efforts that the state has made in the matter have had effect: with the creation of the National Road Safety Agency, strategies that affect the reduction of human losses as a consequence of traffic accidents have been channeled. On the other hand, because direct actors in this issue, such as the driver and the pedestrian, do not seem interested in the seriousness of the situation, there have been more victims what the armed conflict in our country has left. This research addresses, the opinions of theorists, national and international institutions, from a specialized literary review, relating it to programs and policies that have been implemented to mitigate the impact of the high degree of accident rate that the statistics show and what is evident in the reality and in the day to day.