Carlos Antonio Costa Ribeiro

Cor, educação e casamento: tendências da seletividade marital no Brasil, 1960 a 2000

The article analyzes trends in marital selectiveness among blacks, browns, and whites in Brazil, using data from 1960, 1980, and 2000. Given that the educational system expanded and racial inequalities decreased over the years, the article aims to investigate to what extent these trends are related to the reduction in barriers to interracial marriage, as observed during the period. The authors thus analyze marriage patterns in couples of different color and schooling. The reduction in barriers to interracial marriage is independent of the parallel decrease in couples with different educational levels. Such barriers have become less common in all groups, except for those with the most education; in other words, the odds of marriage between husbands and wives with any level of university education increased from 1960 to 2000, corresponding to an increase in the barrier to marriage between highly educated individuals and less educated partners. Nevertheless, the overall trend was towards a decrease in barriers to interracial and inter-educational marriages from 1960 to 2000. In other words, there are steadily fewer impediments to interracial and inter-educational marriages in Brazil.

Quatro décadas de mobilidade social no Brasil

This article analyzes intergenerational class mobility and inequality of opportunities over the last 40 years in Brazil. We draw on five national sample surveys conducted from 1973 to 2008 in order to examine the mechanisms that led to changes in social fluidity (inequality of opportunities) for men and women. The analyses show that there was a substantial decrease in inequality of opportunities (increase in social fluidity). The decrease in inequality of opportunities in Brazil relates to two mechanisms: a reduction in educational returns during this period, and a decrease in the direct effect of class of origin on class destination, discounting the effect of educational attainment, until 1988 for men and until 1996 for women. Beginning in these two years, we detect an increase in the direct effect of class of origin on class destination, controlling for education. We also discuss the principal consequences of the studys findings for the analysis of social inequalities in Brazil.

Os impactos da geração de empregos sobre as desigualdades de renda: uma análise da década de 2000

Income and earnings inequality have fallen consistently in Brazil in the last 20 years. In this article, we intend to understand how these trends are associated with the countrys occupational structure, an overlooked dimension in the Brazilian debate concerning the theme. Our discussion starts with a detailed analysis of the pattern and quality of the jobs created between 2002 and 2012 in the country. This discussion draws the background to the following theme we address, which is the earnings inequality trend in the same period. We scrutinize the trends in two different ways. The first is a decomposition our chosen inequality index year by year. Second, we put into focus only the inequality decrease and how it is associated with the occupational component and other characteristics such as race, gender, region and education. Our results highlight the importance of the occupational structure, with its between and within occupations components accounting for more than half of the inequality observed in each year. Despite this importance, the occupational structure has a minor influence in relation to the fall of inequality, which is more associated with changes related to education. These results show that the significant changes that occurred in the Brazilian labor market in the last ten years were not associated with changes in the occupational structure. We demonstrate that differences between and within occupations have remained stable. Our results and analyses contribute in a non trivial way to highlight the structural quality income inequality in Brazil, pointing to the institutional factors associated with it through a sociological interpretation.

Desigualdade de oportunidades no Brasil: considerações sobre classe, educação e raça

This paper analyzes the determinants of social mobility for men and women in Brazil in 1982 and 1996, based on status attainment regressions and multinomial conditional logistic models. We are especially interested in the way social origins, race, and education shape inequalities of opportunities. The main result is that education is the one truly important variable, although its returns are rapidly diminishing, which accounts for almost all of the increase in social fluidity during this period. Race and social origins may play a large role in determining educational attainment, but, once in the labor market, they are of less importance. No relevant interactions were detected, which entails that returns to education do not vary by race. The patterns of social mobility are very similar for both men and women.

Rendimento do Trabalho das Esposas e Tendências da Desigualdade de Renda no Brasil (1992-2014)

Female Laborforce Participation and Tendencies Affecting Income Inequality in Brazil (1992-2014) Women living with their spouses have served as the main sector of society driving the increase in female laborforce participation in Brazil in recent decades. Such a phenomenon is reflected in the growing contribution made by women to family income levels. The following article argues that such trends have helped to reduce income inequality among families as of the 1990s. Harnessing data from the PNADs (Brazilian National Household Surveys), we examine household income inequality per capita, measured by the coefficient of variation squared, according to a) sources of household income (husband’s earnings, wife’s earnings and other income); and b) family type (whether or not the family is headed by a couple or not). We use this information to develop counterfactual analyses to examine the impact of women’s earnings on income inequality trends in Brazil from 1992 to 2014. With the growing parity of earnings between spouses, the net result of the shifts in women’s earnings during the period under analysis had a balancing effect.