Carlos E. Santiago

Trade and economic development in small open economies : the case of the Caribbean countries

Acknowledgments Introduction The Importance of Trade The Key Issues Outline Notes The Caribbeans Export Performance Review of the Export Performance Descriptive Analysis of the Export Performance A Constant Market Share Analysis Revealed Comparative Advantage Data and Results Data Results An Assessment of the Results Notes Appendix 2.A.1: Derivation of the CMS Model Appendix 2.A.2: Commodities and Markets for CMS Analysis Incentives and Institutional Support for Exports Policies Aimed at Achieving Neutral Incentives Incentives and Real Effective Exchange Rates Instruments of Export Development Policy in CARICOM Countries Notes Appendix 3.A.1: A Typical Export Inventive System Appendix 3.A.2: Plots of Real Effective Exchange Rates for Selected CARICOM Countries Exports and Small Country Growth Feders Model Applied to Small Developing Countries Data and Results Output and Foreign Exchange Flows Data and Results Notes Appendix 4.A.1: Derivation of Feders Model Appendix 4.A.2: The List of Small Countries and the Dataset Appendix 4.A.3: Test for Heteroscedasticity Appendix 4.A.4: Production Functions Determinants of the Caribbeans Export Performance Model of Export Supply: Theoretical Discussion Model Specification Nontraditional Exports U.S. Clothing Market Industry-Specific Export Equation: Clothing Industry-Specific Export Equation: Miscellaneous Manufactures Aggregate Export Notes Appendix 5.A.1: The Imperfect Substitutes Modes Appendix 5.A.2: Derivation of Capital Stock Estimates Appendix 5.A.3: Plots of Clothing Exports to the U.S. Market-Selected Countries (1968-88) The Regional Dimension Modelling the Export Sector Institutional Analysis notes Future Directions for Research Bibliography Index

The household and employment in small-scale nonfarm enterprises

Abstract This paper investigates the elasticity of hired labor demand in Malawian small-scale, nonfarm, enterprises to illustrate some key issues in considering employment policy in the less-developed country (LDC) context where such enterprises comprise a large share of the labor market. It is argued that recognizing the household character of production has important bearing on the estimation and understanding of the hired labor demand function. A variant of the household production models, which have become prevalent in analyses of underdeveloped agriculture, is used to demonstrate conceptual differences from conventional studies of labor demand. Of particular relevance is the conclusion that the disemployment effect of wage hikes is likely to be smaller than in the more conventional enterprise and that the demographic composition of the household will affect employment patterns.

Labor in the Puerto Rican economy : postwar development and stagnation

Foreword Preface The Demographics of the Puerto Rican Population and Labor Force Change A Model of Labor Markets and Mobility Cyclical and Secular Movements in Labor Supply Job Creation and Joblessness Prospects for Human Resource Development References Index

Wage Policies, Employment, and Puerto Rican Migration

It is necessary to understand the forces influencing Puerto Rican migration to truly assess the economic status of Puerto Ricans in the United States. The migratory response reflects the aspirations of workers and their families and represents a relative dissatisfaction with economic conditions on the island. Moreover, the Puerto Rican migratory phenomenon is fundamentally different from the place-to-place European migrations of the twentieth century or the periodic movements of workers from Yugoslavia and Turkey to Western European countries. The Puerto Rican experience is characterized by both features. There is a good deal of cyclical mobility of workers between the island and the United States and longer-term secular movements from the island to the United States. My contention in this chapter is that we must examine both the cyclical and secular nature of Puerto Rican migration to fully comprehend its effects on the economic status of the Puerto Rican population in the United States.

Rehiring, Seniority, and Labor Force Adjustment

This paper examines the role of seniority in two interrelated phenomena-rising age-earnings profiles and the use of layoffs rather than wage adjustments during economic decline. The results suggest that rehiring based on a seniority-first criterion is not inconsistent with an approach that maximizes worker productivity within a heterogeneous labor force. Moreover, assessment of worker reliability based on the upward portion of the wage-productivity cum seniority locus is appropriate since it reduces subsequent turnover. Thus, an approach that combines human capital accumulation with Lazear-type deferred payments schemes explains much of long-term worker-firm attachment.

Recovery or relapse in the global economy : comparative perspectives on restructuring in Central America

Perspectives on Central American Development and Change Economics and Politics in Central American Development: An Overview by Jolyne Melmed-Sanjak, Alvin Magid, and Carlos E. Santiago Costa Rica in the 1980s: A Balance of Social Development by Jose Luis Vega Carballo Themes in the Restructuring of the Political Economy External Debt, Structural Adjustment, and the Labor Market by Carlos E. Santiago The Dynamics of Agrarian Policy in United States History: Implications for Contemporary Central America by Jolyne Melmed-Sanjak Structural Adjustment and Honduran Agriculture: Some Considerations by Hugo Noe Pino Industrial Democracy and Reindustrialization: Cross-Cultural Perspectives by Alvin Magid The Future of Cooperativism in Central America: Elements for Discussion by Marielos Rojas Viquez The Future Role of Multi-National Enterprise and Foreign Direct Investment by Walter Goldstein Political Integration: A Central American Option by Carlos A. Astiz Recovery or Relapse: Reflections on Central America in the New World Order Central-American External Debt in the Context of Economic Globalization by Jorge Gonzalez del Valle Central America in the Global Economy by Alvaro de la Ossa Understanding Economic Integration: Its Role and Reason in Central America by Dante Ramirez Bibliography Index

Community Organizations in Latin America.

This book describes the interaction between community organizations (OPCs, or organizaciones de participacion comunitaria), the local communities, and the public sector in Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Chile. The case studies included in this book evaluate the activity of OPCs in each of the three countries and compare their performance with that of the public sector organizations responsible for providing social services. The conclusions show that, despite their smaller size, OPCs are generally more cost-effective than their corresponding state agencies because of the efficiency of their support apparatuses.