Carlos Pascoal Neto

Antibacterial activity of nanocomposites of silver and bacterial or vegetable cellulosic fibers.

Cellulose/Ag nanocomposites were prepared using two distinct methodologies and two cellulose substrates: vegetable and bacterial cellulose. These nanocomposites were characterized in terms of their morphology and chemical composition. Detailed studies on the antibacterial activity of these materials were carried out for Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Silver nanoparticles present in the cellulosic fibers in concentrations as low as 5.0x10(-4)wt.% make these nanocomposites effective antibacterial materials. We anticipate that the versatile use of these cellulose-based nanocomposites can bring a promising strategy to produce a wide range of interesting materials where antibacterial properties are crucial.

Characterization of an acetylated heteroxylan from Eucalyptus globulus Labill

A heteroxylan was isolated from Eucalyptus globulus wood by extraction of peracetic acid delignified holocellulose with dimethyl sulfoxide. Besides (1-->4)-linked beta-D-xylopyranosyl units of the backbone and short side chains of terminal (1-->2)-linked 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronosyl residues (MeGlcA) in a 1:10 molar ratio, this hemicellulose contained galactosyl and glucosyl units attached at O-2 of MeGlcA originating from rhamnoarabinogalactan and glucan backbones, respectively. About 30% of MeGlcA units were branched at O-2. The O-acetyl-(4-O-methylglucurono)xylan showed an acetylation degree of 0.61, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and a weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) of about 36 kDa (P=1.05) as revealed from size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis. About half of the beta-D-xylopyranosyl units of the backbone were found as acetylated moieties at O-3 (34 mol%), O-2 (15 mol%) or O-2,3 (6 mol%). Practically, all beta-D-xylopyranosyl units linked at O-2 with MeGlcA residues were 3-O-acetylated (10 mol%).

Novel transparent nanocomposite films based on chitosan and bacterial cellulose

New nanocomposite films based on different chitosan matrices (two chitosans with different DPs and one water soluble derivative) and bacterial cellulose were prepared by a fully green procedure by casting a water based suspension of chitosan and bacterial cellulose nanofibrils. The films were characterized by several techniques, namely SEM, AFM, X-ray diffraction, TGA, tensile assays and visible spectroscopy. They were highly transparent, flexible and displayed better mechanical properties than the corresponding unfilled chitosan films. These new renewable nanocomposite materials also presented reasonable thermal stability and low O2 permeability.

Antibacterial activity of optically transparent nanocomposite films based on chitosan or its derivatives and silver nanoparticles

Colloidal silver nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the citrate and borohydride reduction methods and were then investigated as fillers in three matrices: unmodified chitosan, water-soluble chitosan and a N-alkyl chitosan derivative. The nanocomposites were used to prepare cast thin films (9-19 μm thickness) and characterized for their optical and antimicrobial properties. The optical properties of the materials were adjusted either by varying the Ag NPs content in the films (0.5-3.9% w/w) or by using samples of Ag NPs with distinct particle size distributions. The antibacterial activity towards both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) was investigated for the various composites. For the unmodified chitosan nanocomposites, the bactericidal effect depended on their Ag content while such an effect was always observed for water-soluble chitosan and N-alkyl chitosan based materials. This research provides a basis for the evaluation of chitosan/silver composites in applications requiring flexible films with tuned optical properties and antimicrobial activity.

Electrostatic assembly of Ag nanoparticles onto nanofibrillated cellulose for antibacterial paper products

Nanofibrillated cellulose offers new technological solutions for the development of paper products. Here, composites of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and Ag nanoparticles (NP) were prepared for the first time via the electrostatic assembly of Ag NP (aqueous colloids) onto NFC. Distinct polyelectrolytes have been investigated as macromolecular linkers in order to evaluate their effects on the building-up of Ag modified NFC and also on the final properties of the NFC/Ag composite materials. The NFC/Ag nanocomposites were first investigated for their antibacterial properties towards S. aureus and K. pneumoniae microorganisms as compared to NFC modified by polyelectrolytes linkers without Ag. Subsequently, the antibacterial NFC/Ag nanocomposites were used as fillers in starch based coating formulations for Eucalyptus globulus-based paper sheets. The potential of this approach to produce antimicrobial paper products will be discussed on the basis of complementary optical, air barrier and mechanical data.

Characterization of Phenolic Components in Polar Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Bark by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) were used to investigate the phenolic constituents in methanol, water, and methanol/water extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. bark. Twenty-nine phenolic compounds were identified, 16 of them referenced for the first time as constituents of E. globulus bark, namely, quinic, dihydroxyphenylacetic, and caffeic acids, bis(hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP))-glucose, galloyl-bis(HHDP)-glucose, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, isorhamentin-hexoside, quercetin-hexoside, methylellagic acid (EA)-pentose conjugate, myricetin-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-rhamnoside, mearnsetin, phloridzin, mearnsetin-hexoside, luteolin, and a proanthocyanidin B-type dimer. Digalloylglucose was identified as the major compound in the methanol and methanol/water extracts, followed by isorhamnetin-rhamnoside in the methanol extract and by catechin in the methanol/water extract, whereas in the water extract catechin and galloyl- HHDP-glucose were identified as the predominant components. The methanol/water extract was shown be the most efficient to isolate phenolic compounds identified in E. globulus bark.

(2-O-α-d-Galactopyranosyl-4-O-methyl-α-d-glucurono)-d-xylan from Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Abstract An unusual heteroxylan composed of galactosyl, 4- O -methyl-glucuronosyl and xylosyl residues with molar ratio 1:3:30 was isolated from the wood of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. The results of linkage analysis, supported by data of 1 H, 2D 1 H– 1 H COSY and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, revealed that the polysaccharide is a (2- O -α- d -galactopyranosyl-4- O -methyl-α- d -glucurono)- d -xylan with a (1→4)-linked β- d -xylopyranosyl backbone branched at O-2 by short side chains composed of terminal 4- O -methyl-α- d -glucuronic acid and of 4- O -methyl-α- d -glucuronic acid substituted at O-2 with α- d -galactose.

Transparent bionanocomposites with improved properties prepared from acetylated bacterial cellulose and poly(lactic acid) through a simple approach

The preparation and characterization of biocomposite materials with improved properties based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and bacterial cellulose, and, for comparative purposes, vegetal cellulose fibers, both in their pristine form or after acetylation, is reported. The composite materials were obtained through the simple and green mechanical compounding of a PLA matrix and bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (or vegetable fibers), and were characterized by TGA, DSC, tensile assays, DMA, SEM and water uptake. The bionanocomposites obtained from PLA and acetylated bacterial cellulose were particularly interesting, given the considerable improvement in thermal and mechanical properties, as evidenced by the significant increase in both elastic and Young moduli, and in the tensile strength (increments of about 100, 40 and 25%, respectively) at very low nanofiller loadings (up to 6%). These nanocomposites also showed low hygroscopicity and considerable transparency, features reported here for the first time.

Superhydrophobic cellulose nanocomposites

Superhydrophobic cellulose nanocomposites were prepared using a multi-step nanoengineering process. The combination of different techniques made it possible to construct novel features at the ensuing surface, characterized by both an increase in its roughness induced by amorphous silica particles and a reduction in its energy insured by perfluoro moieties, giving rise to water contact angles approaching 150 degrees . The modification calls upon an aqueous LbL system followed by siloxane hydrolysis, both conducted at room temperature in air. Each modification was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). These original cellulose-silica-silane composite materials open the way to further valorisations of a ubiquitous renewable resource in applications such as water repellence and self-cleaning.

Utilization of residues from agro-forest industries in the production of high value bacterial cellulose.

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a very peculiar form of cellulose, is gaining considerable importance due to its unique properties. In this study, several residues, from agro-forestry industries, namely grape skins aqueous extract, cheese whey, crude glycerol and sulfite pulping liquor were evaluated as economic carbon and nutrient sources for the production of BC. The most relevant BC amounts attained with the residues from the wine and pulp industries were 0.6 and 0.3 g/L, respectively, followed by biodiesel crude residue and cheese whey with productions of about, 0.1 g/L after 96 h of incubation. Preliminary results on the addition of other nutrient sources (yeast extract, nitrogen and phosphate) to the residues-based culture media indicated that, in general, these BC productions could be increased by ~200% and ~100% for the crude glycerol and grape skins, respectively, after the addition organic or inorganic nitrogen.