Carlos Pérez López

Contrast enhancement of electronic speckle pattern interferometry addition fringes.

The electronic speckle pattern interferometer in the double-pulse addition mode can be used to measure physical parameters in unstable environmental conditions. Owing to additive optical noise, however, the fringe patterns obtained have poor contrast. Some methods that use subtraction of addition double-pulsed fringe patterns improve fringe visibility but impose a limitation in measurement time ranges. To increase this range, to be limited by only the pulse separation, the contrast enhancement of double-pulsed addition-fringe patterns with a spatial filter based on local-standard-deviation measurements is investigated. Computer simulations and experimental results are presented.

Separation of vibration fringe data from rotating object fringes using pulsed ESPI

In industrial and other types of non-controlled environments, an unbalanced rotating object may present characteristic out-of-plane vibration amplitude at a specific frequency. For this type of cases and as a first step towards a complete evaluation, it is only desired to visualize the effect of the vibration on the rotating object, or vice versa, for instance to achieve object balancing. Real time optical non-intrusive measurement techniques such as pulsed electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), are well suited to study this rotating-vibrating object. The advantage offered by ESPI is that real-time fringe data is qualitatively analyzed while being observed on a TV monitor. The present paper proposes a qualitative method, based on pulsed ESPI, to separate rotation fringes from fringes solely related to vibration. The method relies on a high precision scheme that synchronizes and fixes an object point during rotation, without the use of an optomechanical object derotator.

Multiplicative electronic speckle-pattern interferometry fringes

A theoretical analysis of fringe patterns and its experimental corroboration obtained by multiplication of two speckled images with electronic speckle-pattern interferometry (ESPI) are reported. A specifically designed digital filter is used to enhance the contrast and visibility of the inherently noisy multiplication fringes. Phase retrieval is achieved by a phase-stepping technique. Experimental results are presented for the in-plane-sensitive optical ESPI setup; however, out-of-plane and shearing setups may be used as well. The method represents an alternative to the subtraction and addition techniques in ESPI.

Low level free vibration measurements using high speed digital holography

Recent advances in high speed image acquisition along with high power cw lasers open up the possibility of measuring very low level free vibrations using high speed digital holographic interferometry. In this paper we report on the minimum detected level of instantaneous deformation for an elastic material fixed to a rectangular frame, and for one segment of a spherical object. The signal to noise ratio for each acquisition frame rate is dealt with as well as the limitations due to the digital holographic technique with respect to the pixel size and maximum sampling for free vibrations. An out of plane optical arrangement is considered with an object illuminated by cw laser at 532 nm. After Fourier processing each digital hologram a series of consecutive phase maps is obtained from a set of one thousand images taken from data acquired at 5000 fps. Experiments were also implemented using a different frame rate from images of a rather small segment of a spherical object, at 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 fps. Th...

Decoupling the x, y and z displacement components in a rotating disc using three-dimensional pulsed digital holography

Three-dimensional twin-pulsed digital holography is used to separate the x, y and z displacement components in a rotating disc. The technique is able to distinguish the rotation and displacement movement along the xy plane from the out-of-plane z displacement. The results show that three-dimensional twin-pulsed digital holography may be used to derotate the object by combining information from three different illumination positions.

New method for optical object derotation

A new optical method capable of measuring out-of-plane deformations of rotating objects based on the Fourier transform phase decoding technique is presented. Digital holography is used to test the method, which digitally derotates one of the holograms at its phase reconstruction stage to accurately remove object rotation fringes, uniquely rendering phase maps that quantitatively show the out-of-plane deformation. Commonly, object derotators are based on creating standing images of the rotating object under study. Typically, this is achieved by means of a rotating prism that has to be precisely synchronised with the object rotation. In contrast, this new method eliminates the need of using the expensive mechanical servomechanisms contained in the commercially available optomechanical derotators by using double pulsed digital holography in conjunction with Fourier optics.

Measurement of dynamic patterns of an elastic membrane at bi-modal vibration using high speed electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Implementing a hybrid arrangement of Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) and high speed Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) we were able to measure the dynamic patterns of a flat rectangular elastic membrane clamped at its edges stimulated with the sum of two resonance frequencies. ESPI is a versatile technique to analyze in real-time the deformation of a membrane since its low computational cost and easy implementation of the optical setup. Elastic membranes present nonlinear behaviors when stimulated with low amplitude signals. The elastic membrane under test, with several non rational related vibrating modals below the 200 Hz, was stimulated with two consecutives resonant frequencies. The ESPI patterns, acquired at high speed rates, shown a similar behavior for the dual frequency stimulation as in the case of patterns formed with the entrainment frequency. We think this may be related to the effects observed in the application of dual frequency stimulation in ultrasound.

Measurements of mechanical deformation using a full field optical interferometry and a fast camera

Full field optical interferometry known as ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry), has been applied to dynamical deformations on solid and semisolid objects. Although microscopic (1 to 30 micrometers), these deformations offer enough information to know even an early crack detection of the material. In industrial and biomedical environments however there is a lot of noise bigger than the signal we try to recovery, therefore is necessary to compensate mechanical or digitally or both. In this paper we will discuss the basic operating principle of the interferometer and analyze its performance. The technique use a continue wave laser for illuminating the tested object. The transient event is recorded by an ultra fast digital image camera. Data processing is completed with a help of a spatio-temporal algorithm. Some results are presented.Full field optical interferometry known as ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry), has been applied to dynamical deformations on solid and semisolid objects. Although microscopic (1 to 30 micrometers), these deformations offer enough information to know even an early crack detection of the material. In industrial and biomedical environments however there is a lot of noise bigger than the signal we try to recovery, therefore is necessary to compensate mechanical or digitally or both. In this paper we will discuss the basic operating principle of the interferometer and analyze its performance. The technique use a continue wave laser for illuminating the tested object. The transient event is recorded by an ultra fast digital image camera. Data processing is completed with a help of a spatio-temporal algorithm. Some results are presented.

Measurement of beating effects in narrowband multimode Lamb wave displacement fields in aluminum plates by pulsed TV Holography

Narrowband ultrasonic surface acoustic waves are of the greatest current interest for the nondestructive testing of thin-walled members and shell structures like plates, pipes, bridge girders, cans and many others. The measurement and characterization of ultrasonic displacement fields of Lamb waves by pulsed TV holography (TVH) is presented. Narrowband ultrasound is generated in a few millimeters thick aluminum plate by the prismatic coupling block method using a tone-burst excitation signal in the range of 1MHz. At this frequency, the plate supports only a few Lamb wave modes, mainly the A0 and S0 ones. The simultaneous presence of these modes produces a beating clearly detectable as a spatial amplitude modulation. Our self-developed TVH system performs the optical phase evaluation by the Spatial Fourier Transform Method and renders the instantaneous out-of-plane mechanical displacement field along the whole inspected area. From this field, the wavenumber of each Lamb mode can be obtained and, by combining them with the value of the ultrasound frequency and with the Rayleigh-Lamb theoretical frequency spectrum, information about the elastic constants of the specimen material is obtained.

CMOS and sCMOS imaging performance comparison by digital holographic interferometry

Abstract. We use a digital holographic interferometric setup to assess, as a proof of concept, two state-of-the-art sensors (CMOS and sCMOS cameras) that are widely used in nondestructive testing (NDT). This interferometric study is intended to evaluate the image quality recorded by any camera used in NDT. The assessing relies on the quantification of the optical phase information recovered by the cameras used for this study. For this, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio, correlation coefficient, and quality index (Q-index) as main figures-of-merit. As far as we know, the Q-index has not been used for evaluation of the optical phase coming from image holograms. The CMOS and sCMOS sensors used record the same deformation event under the same experimental conditions. The experiment involves the inspection of a large sample (>1u2009u2009m2 of area) which implies low illumination conditions for the imaging sensors. The retrieved CMOS optical phase shows artifacts that are not observed in the sCMOS. An analysis of these two groups of interferometric images is presented and discussed. The methodology set forth here can be applied to evaluate other sensors such as CCDs and EM-CCDs.