Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso

Release properties of chemical and enzymatic crosslinked gelatin-gum Arabic microparticles containing a fluorescent probe plus vetiver essential oil

Oil-containing gelatin-gum Arabic microparticles were prepared by complex coacervation followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or transglutaminase. A fluorescent mixture, khusimyl dansylate (KD) as the fluorescent compound mixed to the vetiver essential oil, was used as oil model. The effect of the type of crosslinking of the coacervated gelatin-gum Arabic membrane, the physical state of microparticles, wet or freeze-dried and the type of release media, aqueous with surfactants, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (sds) or Tween 80 (tw) and anhydrous ethanol as organic media on the release rate of the KD from the microparticles, was experimentally investigated. It was shown that the oil was dispersed uniformly throughout the microparticles and the chemical crosslinked microparticles were more resistant to swelling, presenting smaller sizes after hydration. Also the crosslinking effect, transglutaminase or glutaraldehyde, could be confirmed by the integrity of the crosslinked gelatin-gum Arabic microparticles after incubation in the aqueous sds media, compared to complete dissolution of the uncrosslinked microparticles in this media. The cumulative fluorescent KD release from the gelatin-gum Arabic microparticles decreased in the following order of dissolution media: anhydrous ethanol>tw>sds and the wet microparticles have shown a faster KD release than freeze-dried ones. A mathematical model was used to estimate the diffusion coefficient (D). The chemically crosslinked gelatin-gum Arabic microparticles ensured a pronounced retard effect in the KD diffusion, presenting a D varying from 0.02 to 0.6 x 10(-11)cm(2)/s, mainly in an aqueous media, against D varying from 1.05 to 13.9 x 10(-11)cm(2)/s from the enzymatic crosslinked microparticles.

Stability of free and immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in acidified milk and of immobilized B. lactis in yoghurt

Este trabalho avaliou a estabilidade de Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12) e de Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-05) nas formas livre e imobilizada em alginato de calcio, em leite e leite acidificado (pHs 5.0, 4.4 e 3.8), e a estabilidade de B. lactis imobilizado em iogurte (fermentado ate pH 4.2), durante 28 dias de estocagem refrigerada. Tambem foi estudada a eficiencia de dois meios de cultura (agar MRS modificado e Reinforced Clostridial Agar, acrescido de Prussian Blue) para enumerar B. lactis em iogurte. Agar Lee foi usado para enumeracao de Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus quando B. lactis era enumerado no meio MRS. Ambos os microrganismos, nas formas livre e imobilizada, apresentaram uma taxa de sobrevivencia adequada nos leites acidificados, uma vez que houve reducao de apenas um ciclo log, apos 21 dias de estocagem refrigerada. O numero de celulas viaveis de B. lactis imobilizado mostrou um declinio gradual durante o periodo de armazenamento do iogurte, passando de 108 ufc/ml ate nao ter mais contagem na diluicao 10-1. Quando as culturas nao estavam em equilibrio, o meio MRS modificado foi mais eficiente para a contagem de B. lactis em iogurte. Em vista destes resultados pode-se concluir que ambos os microrganismos podem ser incorporados em leite e leite acidificados, haja visto que a reducao na populacao foi pequena durante o periodo de armazenagem estudado. A presenca da cultura tradicional de iogurte parece ter afetado negativamente a sobrevivencia de B. lactis e a imobilizacao nao proveu protecao as celulas, em nenhum dos tratamentos estudados.

Microencapsulation of Flaxseed Oil by Spray Drying: Effect of Oil Load and Type of Wall Material

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the type of wall material and the oil load on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. Gum arabic, whey protein concentrate, and a modified starch were used to produce the microcapsules, each with four oil concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40% oil, w/w, with respect to total solids), for a total of 12 tests. Initially, the feed emulsions were characterized for stability, viscosity, and droplet size. Then they were dried in a laboratory-scale spray dryer and the resulting particles were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency, lipid oxidation, moisture content, and bulk density. The increase in oil concentration led to the production of emulsions with larger droplets and lower viscosity, which directly affected powder properties, resulting in lower encapsulation efficiency and higher lipid oxidation. Among the three wall materials evaluated, the modified starch showed the best performance, with the highest encapsulation efficiency and lowest peroxide values.

Microparticles obtained by complex coacervation: influence of the type of reticulation and the drying process on the release of the core material

Microparticles obtained by complex coacervation were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde or with transglutaminase and dried using freeze drying or spray drying. Moist samples presented Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE) higher than 96%. The mean diameters ranged from 43.7 ± 3.4 to 96.4 ± 10.3 µm for moist samples, from 38.1 ± 5.36 to 65.2 ± 16.1 µm for dried samples, and from 62.5 ± 7.5 to 106.9 ± 26.1 µm for rehydrated microparticles. The integrity of the particles without crosslinking was maintained when freeze drying was used. After spray drying, only crosslinked samples were able to maintain the wall integrity. Microparticles had a round shape and in the case of dried samples rugged walls apparently without cracks were observed. Core distribution inside the particles was multinuclear and homogeneous and core release was evaluated using anhydrous ethanol. Moist particles crosslinked with glutaraldehyde at the concentration of 1.0 mM.g –1 protein (ptn), were more efficient with respect to the core retention compared to 0.1 mM.g –1 ptn or those crosslinked with transglutaminase (10 U.g –1 ptn). The drying processes had a strong influence on the core release profile reducing the amount released to all dry samples.

Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 by spray-drying using sweet whey and skim milk as encapsulating materials

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulating material on encapsulation yield, resistance to passage through simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 during storage. Microparticles were produced from reconstituted sweet whey or skim milk (30% total solids) inoculated with a suspension of L. acidophilus La-5 (1% vol/vol) and subjected to spray-drying at inlet and outlet temperatures of 180°C and 85 to 95°C, respectively. The samples were packed, vacuum-sealed, and stored at 4°C and 25°C. Encapsulation yield, moisture content, and resistance of microencapsulated L. acidophilus La-5 compared with free cells (control) during exposure to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.0 and 7.0) were evaluated. Viability was assessed after 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90d of storage. The experiments were repeated 3 times and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test for the comparison between means. The encapsulating material did not significantly affect encapsulation yield, average diameter, or moisture of the particles, which averaged 76.58±4.72%, 12.94±0.78μm, and 4.53±0.32%, respectively. Both microparticle types were effective in protecting the probiotic during gastrointestinal simulation, and the skim milk microparticles favored an increase in viability of L. acidophilus La-5. Regardless of the encapsulating material and temperature of storage, viability of the microencapsulated L. acidophilus La-5 decreased on average 0.43 log cfu/g at the end of 90d of storage, remaining higher than 10(6)cfu/g.

Preparo e caracterização de microcápsulas de oleoresina de páprica obtidas por atomização

Palavras-chave: SUMMARY PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPRIKA OLEORESIN MICROCAPSULES OBTAINED BY SPRAY DRYING. Paprika ( L.) is a bright red coloring product of large use by the food industry. Rich in carotenoids, paprika is susceptible to oxidative degradation. Considering these aspects, this research is aimed to microencapsulate paprika oleoresin and to evaluate morphological characteristics, distribution and average particle size and the solubility of microencapsulated paprika oleoresin. The microencapsulation was carried out by spray drying, in porous agglomerates of rice starch/gelatin and arabic gum. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed, for arabic gum microcapsules, a cylindrical shape with a continuous wall with no apparent porosity or cracks and the core was distributed within the wall. The porous agglomerates of rice starch/gelatin microcapsules also presented a cylindrical shape; the walls were formed by the granules of rice starch, which was glued by gelatin; however the structure was shown to be porous. Both materials presented unimodal distribution, with an average particle size of 16 and 20.3 m for arabic gum and starch/gelatin microcapsules, respectively. In spite of that it is possible to microencapsulate paprika oleoresin with both materials using the spray drying process, the morphologycal analysis revealed that arabic gum seems to be a more effective barrier to the core material. Obtained results also show that the temperatures used in the microencapsulation were adequate, the size of the microcapsules were inside the range used by this kind of process and the solubility was excellent. microencapsulation; morphology; spray drying; paprika oleoresin; arabic gum; agglomerates of rice starch/gelatin. Capsicum annuum µ

Properties of chemically modified gelatin films

Edible and/or biodegradable films usually have limited water vapor barriers, making it difficult to use them. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a chemical reticulation treatment with formaldehyde and glyoxal on the mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, solubility and color parameters of gelatin-based films. Formaldehyde and glyoxal were added to the filmogenic solution in concentrations ranging from 3.8 to 8.8 mmoles/100 mL of filmogenic solution and 6.3 to 26.3 mmoles/100 mL of filmogenic solution, respectively. The treatments caused a reduction in permeability to water vapor and in solubility. Only the treatment with formaldehyde caused a significant increase in rupture tension for concentrations above 6.3 mmoles/100 mL of filmogenic solution. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a loss of matrix orientation due to the chemical reticulation treatment.

Mechanical and water vapor permeability properties of biodegradables films based on methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin

Mimic biological structures such as the cell wall of plant tissues may be an alternative to obtain biodegradable films with improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films produced by using the solvent-casting technique from blended methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin. First, films from polysaccharides at pH 4 were produced. The film with the best mechanical performance (tensile strength = 72.63 MPa; elongation = 9.85%) was obtained from methylcellulose-glucomannan-pectin at ratio 1:4:1, respectively. Then, gelatin was added to this polysaccharide blend and the pH was adjusted to 4, 5 and 6. Results showed significant improvement in WVP when films were made at pH 5 and at polysaccharides/gelatin ratio of 90/10 and 10/90, reaching 0.094 and 0.118 g.mm/h.m2.kPa as values, respectively. Films with the best mechanical properties were obtained from the blend of polysaccharides, whereas WVP was improved from the blend of polysaccharides and gelatin at pH 5.

Production of microparticles with gelatin and chitosan

In the past few decades, the textile industry has significantly increased investment in research to develop functional fabrics, with a special focus on those aggregating values. Such fabrics can exploit microparticles inferior to 100 μm, such as those made by complex coacervation in their creation. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan can be attributed to these microparticles. Developing particles with uniform structure and properties would facilitate the control for the eventual release of the core material. Thus, a complex coacervation between gelatin and chitosan was studied, and the optimal conditions were replicated in the encapsulation of limonene. Spherical particles formed had an average diameter (D3,2) of 30 μm and were prepared with 89.7% efficiency. Cross-linking of these microparticles using glutaraldehyde and tripolyphosphate was carried out before spray drying. After drying, microparticles cross-linked with glutaraldehyde were oxidized and clustered and those that were cross-linked with tripolyphosphate resisted drying and presented a high yield.

Efeito da adição de ácidos graxos em filmes à base de pectina

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver filmes a base de pectina de baixo teor de esterificacao, amidada, com adicao dos acidos graxos laurico (AL), palmitico (AP) e estearico (AE) e caracteriza-los quanto as propriedades de permeabilidade ao vapor de agua (PVA) e ao oxigenio, propriedades mecânicas (tensao de ruptura e elongacao), solubilidade em agua e opacidade, alem de observar a morfologia da superficie dos filmes utilizando microscopia eletronica de varredura (MEV). A adicao de 12 e 18% dos acidos promoveu aumento da PVA e da elongacao e reducao da tensao de ruptura, em relacao aos filmes com 6% de acido graxo. Todos os filmes apresentaram-se 100% soluveis em agua e mais opacos quando os acidos graxos foram adicionados. A partir da MEV, foi observado que os acidos graxos nao se incorporaram a matriz filmogenica.