Carlos Roberto Sanquetta

Goal programming in a planning problem

The objective of this paper is to apply one of the techniques of multiobjective programming (goal programming) in a brazilian forest problem, in a case study accomplished in the Santa Candida Farm, Parana, Brazil. The areas of this farm can be managed for timber (pine and native species), harvesting of erva-mate leaves, pasture, and tourism. There is also a concern of the farm managers with increasing the diversity of flora and fauna, increasing environmental protection conditions and maintaining employees in the farm. Goal programming was used to develop a project of land allocation, in which all the goals would be reached as closest as possible of the ideal, in a way to attend all the operational restrictions considered. In goal programming, the concept of optimum solution of LP problems is substituted by a satisfactory solution (nondominated). Several solutions can be obtained, and the best solution will depend on the priority associated to each goal.

Alteração na estrutura diamétrica de uma floresta ombrófila mista no período entre 1979 e 2000

Com o objetivo de estudar as alteracoes na estrutura diametrica ocorridas numa Floresta Ombrofila Mista localizada na Estacao Experimental da Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR) (Sao Joao do Triunfo, PR), nove parcelas, totalizando nove hectares avaliados inicialmente em 1979, foram recuperadas e remedidas em 2000. Em 1979, todos os individuos arboreos com DAP igual ou superior a 20 cm foram identificados e numerados e tiveram seus diâmetros medidos. Em 2000, usando os mesmos criterios de inclusao, os individuos que nao haviam sido computados em 1979 foram considerados como ingressos e os nao encontrados, como mortos. Em 1979, nos nove hectares estudados foram encontrados 2.133 individuos e 51 especies; em 2000, 2.202 individuos e 55 especies. A floresta apresentou uma mortalidade de 513 individuos (24,05%) e um ingresso de 591 outros (27,71%), o que representa um aumento liquido de 3,66% no numero de individuos, no periodo analisado. A distribuicao diametrica do conjunto de especies apresentou a forma decrescente, do tipo J-invertido, nas duas avaliacoes, entretanto a frequencia de individuos nas classes diametricas superiores (acima de 50 cm) aumentou significativamente em 2000. Matayba elaeagnoides e Ocotea porosa diferiram das demais especies, sendo as unicas a nao apresentar distribuicao diametrica na forma de J-invertido. Em 1979, Araucaria angustifolia tinha 11,66% de seus individuos localizados nas classes diametricas acima dos 50 cm, e as folhosas apenas 6,37%. Em 2000, 25,42% dos individuos de A. angustifolia estavam em classes acima dos 50 cm, enquanto 8,99% das folhosas ocupavam a mesma posicao. Entre as parcelas, houve variacoes, algumas aumentaram o numero de individuos (1, 6, 7, 21 e 22) e outras diminuiram (10, 17, 18, 30). O estudo indicou tambem que a permanencia da especie na futura estrutura da floresta nao e garantida pela grande quantidade de individuos nas classes de diâmetros menores, mas sim pela capacidade de competicao que a especie apresenta.

Biomass expansion factor and root-to-shoot ratio for Pinus in Brazil

The Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF) and the Root-to-Shoot Ratio (R) are variables used to quantify carbon stock in forests. They are often considered as constant or species/area specific values in most studies. This study aimed at showing tree size and age dependence upon BEF and R and proposed equations to improve forest biomass and carbon stock. Data from 70 sample Pinus spp. grown in southern Brazil trees in different diameter classes and ages were used to demonstrate the correlation between BEF and R, and forest inventory data, such as DBH, tree height and age. Total dry biomass, carbon stock and CO2 equivalent were simulated using the IPCC default values of BEF and R, corresponding average calculated from data used in this study, as well as the values estimated by regression equations. The mean values of BEF and R calculated in this study were 1.47 and 0.17, respectively. The relationship between BEF and R and the tree measurement variables were inversely related with negative exponential behavior. Simulations indicated that use of fixed values of BEF and R, either IPCC default or current average data, may lead to unreliable estimates of carbon stock inventories and CDM projects. It was concluded that accounting for the variations in BEF and R and using regression equations to relate them to DBH, tree height and age, is fundamental in obtaining reliable estimates of forest tree biomass, carbon sink and CO2 equivalent.

Guidelines for documenting and reporting tree allometric equations

1 IntroductionGiven the pressing need to quantify carbon fluxes associatedwith terrestrial vegetation dynamics, an increasing number ofresearchers have sought to improve estimates of tree volume,biomass, and carbon stocks. Tree allometric equations arecritical tools for such purpose and have the potential toimprove our understanding about carbon sequestration inwoody vegetation, to support the implementation of policiesand mechanisms designed to mitigate climate change (e.g.CDM and REDD+; Agrawal et al. 2011), to calculate costsand benefits associated with forest carbon projects, and toimprove bioenergy systems and sustainable forest manage-ment (Henry et al. 2013).

On the use of data mining for estimating carbon storage in the trees

Forests contribute to climate change mitigation by storing carbon in tree biomass. The amount of carbon stored in this carbon pool is estimated by using either allometric equations or biomass expansion factors. Both of the methods provide estimate of the carbon stock based on the biometric parameters of a model tree. This study calls attention to the potential advantages of the data mining technique known as instance-based classification, which is not used currently for this purpose. The analysis of the data on the carbon storage in 30 trees of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) shows that the instance-based classification provides as relevant estimates as the conventional methods do. The coefficient of correlation between the estimated and measured values of carbon storage in tree biomass does not vary significantly with the choice of the method. The use of some other measures of method performance leads to the same result. In contrast to the convention methods the instance-based classification does not presume any specific form of the function relating carbon storage to the biometric parameters of the tree. Since the best form of such function is difficult to find, the instance-based classification could outperform the conventional methods in some cases, or simply get rid of the questions about the choice of the allometric equations.

Avaliação da produção em volume total e sortimento em povoamentos de Pinus taeda L. submetidos a diferentes condições de espaçamento inicial e sítio.

This study presents an evalution of total and assortment volumes per area unit, in stands of Pinus teada L. under different site conditions and planting density. The data are from a initial spacing experiment of Pinus taeda L. at Fazenda Lageado, Jaguariaiva- PR, owned by Pisa Florestal company. The initial spacings used were: treatment 1 (2,5 x 1,5m); treatment 2 (2,5x 2,0m); creatment 3 (2,5 x 2,8m); treatment 4 (2,5 x 3,6m); and treatment 5 (2,5x 4,4m). Six blocks were celated to site conditions. The volume production was evaluated the Randomized Complete Block Design to the present age of the stands, that is 8,75 years. Simulation results of each creatment production under extreme conditions of site were got by a growing and production simulator called “SISPINUS”. The production simulations were made until 15 years old, not considering thinnings. At the present age of the stands, assortment analysis showed that large spacing implies an increasing sawmill and venner volumes. The simulation showed that, in the future, the treatments would have a similar effect on thick wood production, if no thinning was carried out. Narrower spacing increased total volume production, at any age of evaluation. The design analysis at the present age clearly showed the effect of the blocks on total volume production as well the volume for sawmill wood production. The simulations allowed to conclude that the site effect is more conspicuous in higher economically valuable wood production.

An overview of existing and promising technologies for national forest monitoring

The main goal of national forest programs is to lead and steer forest policy development and implementation processes in an inter-sectoral way (FAO 2006). National forest monitoring systems contribute to forest programs through monitoring forest changes and forest services over time (FAO 2013). To do so, they generally collect and analyze forest-related data and provide knowledge and recommendations at regular intervals. The collection of forest-related data and their analyses have continually evolved with technological and computational advances (Kleinn 2002).

ESTIMATIVA DE BIOMASSA E CARBONO EM FLORESTA COM ARAUCARIA UTILIZANDO IMAGENS DO SATÉLITE IKONOS II

The implications of forest reduction in the carbon cycle have created a demand for development of non-destructive methods to biomass estimates, a key component for modeling biogeochemical. Results from the application of a new methodology using satellite images from IKONOS II to estimate biomass and organic carbon in Araucarian Forest are present. The methodology included statistical analysis (correlation analysis) of the bans and vegetation indices with the biomass and organic carbon data as well as adjustments and selections of equations to estimate the biomass and organic carbon (dependent variables) in function of data from the satellite images. The reflectance of the MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4 bands, the ratio among bans (MS-4/MS-3), NDVI and SAVI were used as independent variables. The use of satellites images from IKONOS II presented satisfactory results, although it still needs adjustment from mathematical models for better results.

Dinâmica da estrutura da comunidade de lauráceas no período 1995-2004 em uma floresta de araucária no sul do estado do Paraná, Brasil.

Several species of Lauraceae family are among the most common ones in the Araucaria Forest. They have good silvicultural and economic potential, but unfortunately they are still very poorly studied. This paper analyzes the structural changes of eight species of Lauraceae family during 1995-2004 in a forest located in the center-south region of Parana State, Brazil. The species were investigated through structural and dynamic indicators: importance value (IVI), abundance, basal area, trunk volume, diameter distribution, spatial pattern, recruitment, mortality and increments. The results showed that the structural position of the Lauraceae family was kept almost unaltered in the community during the ten-year period. It was also noticed that the Lauraceae family is increasing in terms of abundance due to the fact that recruitment has been greater than mortality. However, growth rates have been very low, either in diameter and basal area/volume. Although most Lauraceae species show a slow dynamic behavior, some of them have experienced an intense chance process, such as Canela-amarela ( Nectandra grandiflora Nees & Mart. ex Nees) which increased most of its structural and dynamic indicators, becoming the most remarkable species among all those studied. This species showed recruitment greater than mortality, a J-shaped diameter distribution and very wide spatial distribution. These elements have turned this species one of the three most important in the community together with Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. It was concluded that, in ten years, it is already possible to distinguish important ecological processes that may be very useful in formulating Management Plans for similar Araucaria forests.

Predição da estrutura diamétrica de espécies comerciais de terra firme da amazônia por meio de matriz de transição.

This research was originated from a data base of two 100% inventories accomplished in 1984 and 2000 on a same area of 576 hectares of primary tropical forest, located in the National Forest of Tapajos, Belterra, Para, Brazil.The objective of this research was to evaluate the evolution of diameter structure of 6 commercial tree species in an Amazonian upland forest for the period from 1984 to 2000, and to project it to the year 2016, by using transition matrix. In the two inventories, circunference at breast height (CBH), in cm, were measured with measuring tape, and in 1984, the commercial heights were measured with the hypsometer of Weiss and, in 2000, estimated with the use of sticks; minimum DBH in 1984 were 55 cm for all species and, in 2000, minimum DBH of 35 cm. The construction of the transition matrix was preceded by an exploratory data analysis (EDA), where the box plot was used for outliers detection and the graph stem-and-leaf was used to filter the extreme observations. The analysis of the diametric structure showed that the evolution of DBH observed in the period 1984-2000, presented behavior differentiated by species, although maintaining the basic form of the typical distribution of each species, while the projection of the diametric structure for 2016, using transition matrix remained with the expected tendency, according to the expressed growth rates for the latent roots of the transition matrix, demonstrating to be compatible with the profile of the diametric structure observed in the year 2000.