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Dive into the research topics where Carlos Torrente is active.

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Featured researches published by Carlos Torrente.


Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2015

Plasma iron, C-reactive protein, albumin, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Carlos Torrente; E. G. Manzanilla; Luis Bosch; Laura Fresno; Montserrat Rivera del Alamo; Anna Andaluz; Yolanda Saco; Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui

OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value over time of plasma iron compared with the inflammatory markers albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). DESIGN Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. SETTING ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and sixteen client-owned dogs: 54 dogs with SIRS or sepsis, 42 with focal inflammation, and 20 clinically healthy dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blood samples were obtained on admission in all study groups, and then on alternate days until discharge or death in both inflammation groups. On admission, dogs with SIRS had significantly lower plasma iron (65 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = 0.001) concentrations than dogs with focal inflammation (89.5 ± 6.2 μg/dL, P = 0.001). Plasma iron, albumin, and CRP effectively discriminated the SIRS/sepsis group from those presenting with focal inflammation with areas under the curve for the receiver operating curves of 0.679, 0.834, and 0.704, respectively. The admission values for these variables did not discriminate survivors from nonsurvivors within the SIRS/sepsis group. However, the magnitude of increase in iron concentration and the decrease in CRP concentration from admission to hospital discharge was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors within the SIRS/septic group (22.8 vs. 2.51 μg/dL, respectively, P = 0.021 for iron; -67.1 vs. -4.1 mg/L, respectively, P = 0.002 for CRP), resulting in iron and CRP concentrations at hospital discharge for survivors similar to those in the focal inflammation group. CONCLUSION Hypoferremia is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation in dogs. In this study, the increase in iron concentrations during the hospitalization period of SIRS/septic dogs was associated with a better prognosis, suggesting that plasma iron in combination with CRP and albumin concentrations might be used to monitor dogs with inflammatory disease processes.Objective To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value over time of plasma iron compared with the inflammatory markers albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Design Prospective observational study of sequentially enrolled dogs. Setting ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. Animals One hundred and sixteen client-owned dogs: 54 dogs with SIRS or sepsis, 42 with focal inflammation, and 20 clinically healthy dogs. Measurements and Main Results Blood samples were obtained on admission in all study groups, and then on alternate days until discharge or death in both inflammation groups. On admission, dogs with SIRS had significantly lower plasma iron (65 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = 0.001) concentrations than dogs with focal inflammation (89.5 ± 6.2 μg/dL, P = 0.001). Plasma iron, albumin, and CRP effectively discriminated the SIRS/sepsis group from those presenting with focal inflammation with areas under the curve for the receiver operating curves of 0.679, 0.834, and 0.704, respectively. The admission values for these variables did not discriminate survivors from nonsurvivors within the SIRS/sepsis group. However, the magnitude of increase in iron concentration and the decrease in CRP concentration from admission to hospital discharge was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors within the SIRS/septic group (22.8 vs. 2.51 μg/dL, respectively, P = 0.021 for iron; −67.1 vs. −4.1 mg/L, respectively, P = 0.002 for CRP), resulting in iron and CRP concentrations at hospital discharge for survivors similar to those in the focal inflammation group. Conclusion Hypoferremia is a sensitive marker of systemic inflammation in dogs. In this study, the increase in iron concentrations during the hospitalization period of SIRS/septic dogs was associated with a better prognosis, suggesting that plasma iron in combination with CRP and albumin concentrations might be used to monitor dogs with inflammatory disease processes.


Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2010

Severe life-threatening hypokalemia in a cat with suspected distal renal tubular acidosis

Carlos Torrente; Paolo Silvestrini; Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui

OBJECTIVE Description of the clinical presentation and management of a critically ill cat with profound hypokalemia associated with a suspicion of distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) and secondary hyperaldosteronism. CASE SUMMARY A cat was presented with severe generalized weakness and acute ventilatory failure associated with severe hypokalemia. The acid-base analysis and complete analytical profile of the urine confirmed the presence of a normal anion-gap metabolic acidosis with a urine pH of 7, a disorder consistent with DRTA. The high plasma renin activity, high aldosterone concentration, and low normal plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio suggested secondary hyperaldosteronism. The management of the patient in the ICU was successful. No identifiable cause could be determined as a cause for the DRTA, so the disorder was assumed to be the primary problem. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED DRTA is a rare disorder occasionally reported in the veterinary literature; it is especially rare in cats. Complete diagnostic evaluation was necessary to identify the reported disorders as the cause of the clinical presentation. To the authors knowledge, this is the first case reporting DRTA, and a simultaneously documented mineralocorticoid response, as a cause of a life-threatening hypokalemia.


Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2014

A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base imbalances in hypoalbuminemic dogs.

Carlos Torrente; E. G. Manzanilla; Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui

Objective To compare the traditional (HH) and quantitative approaches used for the evaluation of the acid–base balance in hypoalbuminemic dogs. Design Prospective observational study. Setting ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. Animals One hundred and five client-owned dogs. Measurements and Main Results Jugular venous blood samples were collected from each patient on admission to determine: total plasma protein (TP), albumin (Alb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HCT), Na+, Cl−, K+, phosphate (Pi), pH, PvCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3−), anion gap (AG), adjusted anion gap for albumin (AGalb) or phosphate (AGalb-phos), standardized base excess (SBE), strong ion difference (SID), concentration of nonvolatile weak buffers (Atot), and strong ion gap (SIG). Patients were divided in 2 groups according to the severity of the hypoalbuminemia: mild (Alb = 21–25 g/L) and severe (Alb ≤20 g/L). All parameters were compared among groups. Patients with severe hypoalbuminemia showed significant decrease in TP (P = 0.011), Atot (P = 0.050), and a significant increase in adjusted AG (P = 0.048) and the magnitude of SIG (P = 0.011) compared to animals with mild hypoalbuminemia. According to the HH approach, the most frequent imbalances were simple disorders (51.4%), primarily metabolic acidosis (84.7%) associated with a high AG acidosis. However, when using the quantitative method, 58.1% of patients had complex disorders, with SIG acidosis (74.3%) and Atot alkalosis (33.3%) as the most frequent acid–base imbalances. Agreement between methods only matched in 32 cases (kappa < 0.20). Conclusions The agreement between the HH and quantitative methods for interpretation of acid–base balance was poor and many imbalances detected using the quantitative approach were missed using the HH approach. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clinical utility of using the quantitative approach in the decision-making process of the severely ill hypoalbuminemic patients.OBJECTIVE To compare the traditional (HH) and quantitative approaches used for the evaluation of the acid-base balance in hypoalbuminemic dogs. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING ICU of a veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred and five client-owned dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Jugular venous blood samples were collected from each patient on admission to determine: total plasma protein (TP), albumin (Alb), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose (Glu), hematocrit (HCT), Na(+) , Cl(-) , K(+) , phosphate (Pi ), pH, PvCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3 (-) ), anion gap (AG), adjusted anion gap for albumin (AGalb ) or phosphate (AGalb-phos ), standardized base excess (SBE), strong ion difference (SID), concentration of nonvolatile weak buffers (Atot ), and strong ion gap (SIG). Patients were divided in 2 groups according to the severity of the hypoalbuminemia: mild (Alb = 21-25 g/L) and severe (Alb ≤20 g/L). All parameters were compared among groups. Patients with severe hypoalbuminemia showed significant decrease in TP (P = 0.011), Atot (P = 0.050), and a significant increase in adjusted AG (P = 0.048) and the magnitude of SIG (P = 0.011) compared to animals with mild hypoalbuminemia. According to the HH approach, the most frequent imbalances were simple disorders (51.4%), primarily metabolic acidosis (84.7%) associated with a high AG acidosis. However, when using the quantitative method, 58.1% of patients had complex disorders, with SIG acidosis (74.3%) and Atot alkalosis (33.3%) as the most frequent acid-base imbalances. Agreement between methods only matched in 32 cases (kappa < 0.20). CONCLUSIONS The agreement between the HH and quantitative methods for interpretation of acid-base balance was poor and many imbalances detected using the quantitative approach were missed using the HH approach. Further studies are necessary to confirm the clinical utility of using the quantitative approach in the decision-making process of the severely ill hypoalbuminemic patients.


Comparative Haematology International | 2011

Canine packed red blood cell transfusions in Spain

Paolo Silvestrini; Martina Piviani; Daniela Vrabelova; Carlos Torrente; Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui

Transfusion medicine is a relatively new and rapidly growing area of research in veterinary medicine. Packed red blood cell transfusion (PRBC) is indicated for treatment of symptomatic anemia resulting from hemorrhage, hemolysis, or ineffective erythropoiesis. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify clinical manifestations and underlying diseases of dogs that received PRBC and determine possible transfusion complications and outcome. Donors were blood typed and previously tested for infectious diseases potentially transmitted by transfusion (Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burdogferi, Dirofilaria immitis, Anaplasma phagocytophila, Anaplasma platys, Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., and Rickettsia spp, and Leishmania infantum). Recipients were also blood typed and cross-matching was routinely performed before any transfusion. Packed cell volume (PCV) was performed before and after transfusion. Every PRBC transfusion was delivered by a bedside leukoreduction filter. Sixty-five PRBC transfusions were administered to 56 dogs. Twenty-two dogs resulted DEA 1.1 positive and 34 DEA 1.1 negative. Reasons for transfusion included anemia secondary to hemorrhage (n = 48; 74%), hemolysis (n = 8; 12%), and ineffective erythropoiesis (n = 9; 14%). Median PCV before transfusion was 14.7% (range: 7–36%) and the mean post-transfusion was 21% (range: 9–39%). Mean increase in PCV was 6.5%. Thirty-one (70%) dogs were discharged and 17 (30%) dogs died or were euthanized. Transient hyperthermia was the only adverse reaction found. PRBC transfusion for symptomatic treatment of anemia is a safe and useful procedure, if the transfusion is closely supervised throughout its duration.


Veterinary Clinical Pathology | 2018

A new automated turbidimetric immunoassay for the measurement of canine C‐reactive protein

Matilde Piñeiro; Raquel Pato; Lourdes Soler; Raquel Peña; Natalia García; Carlos Torrente; Yolanda Saco; Fermín Lampreave; Anna Bassols; Francesca Canalias

BACKGROUND In dogs, as in humans, C-reactive protein (CRP) is a major acute phase protein that is rapidly and prominently increased after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. CRP measurements are used in the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES The study aim was to develop and validate a turbidimetric immunoassay for the quantification of canine CRP (cCRP), using canine-specific reagents and standards. METHODS A particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was developed. The assay was set up in a fully automated analyzer, and studies of imprecision, limits of linearity, limits of detection, prozone effects, and interferences were carried out. The new method was compared with 2 other commercially available automated immunoassays for cCRP: one turbidimetric immunoassay (Gentian CRP) and one point-of-care assay based on magnetic permeability (Life Assays CRP). RESULTS The within-run and between-day imprecision were <1.7% and 4.2%, respectively. The assay quantified CRP proportionally in an analytic range up to 150 mg/L, with a prozone effect appearing at cCRP concentrations >320 mg/L. No interference from hemoglobin (20 g/L), triglycerides (10 g/L), or bilirubin (150 mg/L) was detected. Good agreement was observed between the results obtained with the new method and the Gentian cCRP turbidimetric immunoassay. CONCLUSIONS The new turbidimetric immunoassay (Turbovet canine CRP, Acuvet Biotech) is a rapid, robust, precise, and accurate method for the quantification of cCRP. The method can be easily set up in automated analyzers, providing a suitable tool for routine clinical use.


Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care | 2017

Prevalence of and risk factors for intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux and postanesthetic vomiting and diarrhea in dogs undergoing general anesthesia

Carlos Torrente; Isabel Vigueras; E. G. Manzanilla; Cecilia Villaverde; Laura Fresno; Bibiana Carvajal; Marina Fiñana; Cristina Costa-Farré

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and postanesthetic vomiting and diarrhea, and to evaluate risk factors associated with these gastrointestinal disorders (GID) in dogs undergoing general anesthesia. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Two hundred thirty-seven client-owned dogs undergoing general inhalant anesthesia for diagnostic or surgical purposes. INTERVENTIONS None MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient, surgical, and anesthetic variables, and postanesthetic treatments administered in the immediate postanesthesia period were evaluated in relation to GID using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis (P < 0.05). Seventy-nine of the 237 (33.4%) dogs developed GID during the perianesthetic period. The prevalences of GER, vomiting, and diarrhea were 17.3%, 5.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. Intraabdominal surgery (P = 0.016; odds ratio [OR] 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-6.62), changes in body position (P = 0.003; OR 3.17, 95% CI: 1.47-6.85), and length of anesthesia (P = 0.052; OR 1.006, 95% CI: 1.000-1.013) were associated with GER. Changes in the ventilation mode during surgery (P = 0.011; OR 6.54, 95% CI: 1.8-23.8), length of anesthesia (P = 0.024; OR 1.001, 95% CI: 1.001-1.020), and rescue synthetic colloid support due to hypotension (P = 0.005; OR 6.9, 95% CI: 1.82-26.3) were positively associated with postanesthetic vomiting. On the contrary, dogs that received acepromazine as premedication were significantly less likely (P < 0.019; OR 12.3, 95% CI: 1.52-100) to vomit. Finally, length of anesthesia, changes in body position, changes in ventilation mode, or hypoxemia during the procedure tended to increase the risk (univariate model) of diarrhea during the recovery phase. CONCLUSIONS GID are common in dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Duration and characteristics of the procedure, anesthetic management, and changes in certain patient variables are significant risk factors for the presence of GID in the perioperative period.Objective To determine the prevalence of intraoperative gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and postanesthetic vomiting and diarrhea, and to evaluate risk factors associated with these gastrointestinal disorders (GID) in dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Design Prospective observational study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Two hundred thirty-seven client-owned dogs undergoing general inhalant anesthesia for diagnostic or surgical purposes. Interventions None Measurements and Main Results Patient, surgical, and anesthetic variables, and postanesthetic treatments administered in the immediate postanesthesia period were evaluated in relation to GID using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis (P < 0.05). Seventy-nine of the 237 (33.4%) dogs developed GID during the perianesthetic period. The prevalences of GER, vomiting, and diarrhea were 17.3%, 5.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. Intraabdominal surgery (P = 0.016; odds ratio [OR] 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–6.62), changes in body position (P = 0.003; OR 3.17, 95% CI: 1.47–6.85), and length of anesthesia (P = 0.052; OR 1.006, 95% CI: 1.000–1.013) were associated with GER. Changes in the ventilation mode during surgery (P = 0.011; OR 6.54, 95% CI: 1.8–23.8), length of anesthesia (P = 0.024; OR 1.001, 95% CI: 1.001–1.020), and rescue synthetic colloid support due to hypotension (P = 0.005; OR 6.9, 95% CI: 1.82–26.3) were positively associated with postanesthetic vomiting. On the contrary, dogs that received acepromazine as premedication were significantly less likely (P < 0.019; OR 12.3, 95% CI: 1.52–100) to vomit. Finally, length of anesthesia, changes in body position, changes in ventilation mode, or hypoxemia during the procedure tended to increase the risk (univariate model) of diarrhea during the recovery phase. Conclusions GID are common in dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Duration and characteristics of the procedure, anesthetic management, and changes in certain patient variables are significant risk factors for the presence of GID in the perioperative period.


Veterinary Record | 2012

Effects of ovariohysterectomy on intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal perfusion pressure in cats

Luis Bosch; M.M. Rivera del Alamo; Anna Andaluz; L. Monreal; Carlos Torrente; F. García-Arnas; Laura Fresno

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) have shown clinical relevance in monitoring critically ill human beings submitted to abdominal surgery. Only a few studies have been performed in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to assess how pregnancy and abdominal surgery may affect IAP and APP in healthy cats. For this purpose, pregnant (n=10) and non-pregnant (n=11) queens undergoing elective spaying, and tomcats (n=20, used as controls) presented for neutering by scrotal orchidectomy were included in the study. IAP, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), APP, heart rate and rectal temperature (RT) were determined before, immediately after, and four hours after surgery. IAP increased significantly immediately after abdominal surgery in both female groups when compared with baseline (P<0.05) and male (P<0.05) values, and returned to initial perioperative readings four hours after surgery. Tomcats and pregnant females (P<0.05) showed an increase in MAP and APP immediately after surgery decreasing back to initial perioperative values four hours later. A significant decrease in RT was appreciated immediately after laparotomy in both pregnant and non-pregnant queens. IAP was affected by abdominal surgery in this study, due likely to factors, such as postoperative pain and hypothermia. Pregnancy did not seem to affect IAP in this population of cats, possibly due to subjects being in early stages of pregnancy.


Frontiers in Veterinary Science | 2018

Evaluation of the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Undernutrition in Hospitalized Dogs

Jenifer Molina; Marta Hervera; Edgar Garcia Manzanilla; Carlos Torrente; Cecilia Villaverde

Hospitalized dogs are predisposed to undernutrition, which can potentially affect outcome. This study evaluated the prevalence of undernutrition in hospitalized dogs (measured as loss of body condition score, BCS and body weight, BW) and studied the risk factors that affect nutritional status, and outcome (discharge or death). Data was collected prospectively during 9 months from 500 hospitalized dogs with a hospitalization length longer than 24 h in a veterinary teaching hospital in Spain. The BCS and BW changes were modeled using multiple linear regression and outcome was modeled using logistic regression. The risk factors studied were energy intake, hospitalization length, initial BW and BCS, age, sex, severity of clinical signs, department of admission, fasting or nutritional interventions, and the presence of anorexia, vomiting or diarrhea at admission. Most of the dogs (84.0%) consumed less than 25% of their energy requirements and only 3.4% of the dogs met these requirements. The majority of hospitalized dogs maintained their BCS (78.2%) and BW (77%) during hospitalization. Older patients (P = 0.040), higher initial BCS (P < 0.001), and vomiting at admission (P = 0.030) were associated with a decrease of BCS status during hospitalization. BCS was also decreased in patients with low energy intake, particularly in patients with hospitalization length longer than 3 days (P < 0.001). Both longer hospitalization length (P < 0.001) and vomiting at admission (P = 0.004) were also associated with a decrease in BW. Dogs that consumed their theoretical energy requirements [P < 0.001; Odds Ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.98], and had a higher initial BCS (P < 0.001; OR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.63) had a lower odds of dying. Anorexia at admission (P < 0.001; OR 5.67, 95% CI: 2.23 to 15.47) was associated with a higher risk of death. The results from this study support the finding that undernutrition is relatively common during hospitalization, with age, hospitalization length, decreased energy intake, and vomiting at admission as risk factors for undernutrition. Furthermore, an association was found between inadequate energy intake and death.


Topics in Companion Animal Medicine | 2017

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion in a Mini-Breed Puppy Associated With Aspiration Pneumonia

Rocío Martínez; Carlos Torrente

A 3-month-old intact male Prague ratter was presented to the emergency service for evaluation of progressive lethargy, weakness, coughing and labour breathing after an episode of resistance to oral deworming. The patient exhibited depression, increased respiratory effort and cyanosis at initial presentation. Results of first diagnostic work-up (complete blood cell count, biochemistry panel and thoracic x-rays) were all consistent with aspiration pneumonia. The puppy was initially treated with balanced isotonic crystalloids, broad spectrum antibiotics, nebulization with thoracic coupage and was transferred to an infant incubator with a sustained FiO2 of 40-50%. Twenty-four hours after ICU admission the patients condition suffered a worsening and the dog was orthopneic, severely depressed with episodes of intermittent dysphoria and seizuring. New thoracic radiographs and several samples of blood and urine were collected to go further in the diagnostic workup revealing severe hyponatremia, severe plasma hypotonicity, high natriuresis and metabolic acidosis with a worsening of the radiological pulmonary pattern. Based on these new clinical findings a diagnosis of SIADH was established. Emergency treatment with hypertonic 3% saline solution and loop diuretics was started like a sodium supplement and to inhibit water resorption in renal tubules, thus reducing the volume overload. The goal of this treatment was to achieve a progressive and controlled increase of plasma sodium concentration and promoting the excretion of positive body water imbalance. The patients condition improved clinically over the following days, treatment was progressively discontinued and the dog was discharged 7 days after admission. To the authors knowledge this is the first report of a puppy younger than 12 weeks with respiratory distress developing SIADH associated to aspiration pneumonia.


PLOS ONE | 2017

Blood parameters as biomarkers in a Salmonella spp. disease model of weaning piglets

Emili Barba-Vidal; Victor Fernando Buttow Roll; E. G. Manzanilla; Carlos Torrente; José A. Moreno Muñoz; J. F. Pérez; S. M. Martín-Orúe

Background The weaning pig is used as an experimental model to assess the impact of diet on intestinal health. Blood parameters (BP) are considered a useful tool in humans, but there is very scarce information of such indicators in the weaning pig. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the use of different BP as indicators in an experimental model of salmonellosis. Methodology Seventy-two 28-day-old piglets were divided into four groups in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, with animals receiving or not a probiotic combination based on B. infantis IM1® and B. lactis BPL6 (109 colony forming units (cfu)/d) and orally challenged or not a week later with Salmonella Typhimurium (5x108 cfu). Blood samples of one animal per pen (N = 24) were taken four days post-inoculation for the evaluation of different BP using an I-stat® System and of plasmatic concentrations of zinc, iron and copper. Principal findings Results reported marginal deficiencies of zinc in piglets at weaning. Moreover, plasmatic zinc, copper and iron presented good correlations with weight gain (r 0.57, r -0.67, r 0.54 respectively; P < 0.01). Blood electrolytes (Na+, Cl- and K+) decreased (P < 0.01) only when the performance of the animals was seriously compromised and clinical symptoms were more apparent. Acid-base balance parameters such as HCO3-, TCO2 and BEecf significantly correlated with weight gain, but only in the challenged animals (r -0.54, r -0.55, and r -0.51, respectively; P < 0.05), suggesting metabolic acidosis depending on Salmonella infection. Glucose was affected by the challenge (P = 0.040), while Htc and Hgb increased with the challenge and decreased with the probiotic (P < 0.05). Furthermore, correlations of Glu, Htc and Hgb with weight gain were observed (P < 0.05). Overall, BP could be regarded as simple, useful indexes to assess performance and health of weaning piglets.

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Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Paolo Silvestrini

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Laura Fresno

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Anna Andaluz

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Cecilia Villaverde

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Cristina Costa-Farré

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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Emili Barba-Vidal

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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J. F. Pérez

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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José Luis Ruiz

Autonomous University of Barcelona

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