Carlota Escutia

Influence of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents on Late Quaternary sedimentary facies of the Gulf of Cadiz continental margin

Abstract The late Quaternary pattern of sedimentary facies on the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz continental shelf results from an interaction between a number of controlling factors that are dominated by the Atlantic inflow currents flowing southeastward across the Cadiz shelf toward the Strait of Gibraltar. An inner shelf shoreface sand facies formed by shoaling waves is modified by the inflow currents to form a belt of sand dunes at 10–20 m that extends deeper and obliquely down paleo-valleys as a result of southward down-valley flow. A mid-shelf Holocene mud facies progrades offshore from river mouth sources, but Atlantic inflow currents cause extensive progradation along shelf toward the southeast. Increased inflow current speeds near the Strait of Gibraltar and the strong Mediterranean outflow currents there result in lack of mud deposition and development of a reworked transgressive sand dune facies across the entire southernmost shelf. At the outer shelf edge and underlying the mid-shelf mud and inner shelf sand facies is a late Pleistocene to Holocene transgressive sand sheet formed by the eustatic shoreline advance. The late Quaternary pattern of contourite deposits on the Spanish Gulf of Cadiz continental slope results from an interaction between linear diapiric ridges that are oblique to slope contours and the Mediterranean outflow current flowing northwestward parallel to the slope contours and down valleys between the ridges. Coincident with the northwestward decrease in outflow current speeds from the Strait there is the following northwestward gradation of contourite sediment facies: (1) upper slope sand to silt bed facies, (2) sand dune facies on the upstream mid-slope terrace, (3) large mud wave facies on the lower slope, (4) sediment drift facies banked against the diapiric ridges, and (5) valley facies between the ridges. The southeastern sediment drift facies closest to Gibraltar contains medium–fine sand beds interbedded with mud. The adjacent valley floor facies is composed of gravelly, shelly coarse to medium sand lags and large sand dunes on the valley margins. By comparison, the northwestern drift contains coarse silt interbeds and the adjacent valley floors exhibit small to medium sand dunes of fine sand. Because of the complex pattern of contour-parallel and valley-perpendicular flow paths of the Mediterranean outflow current, the larger-scale bedforms and coarser-grained sediment of valley facies trend perpendicular to the smaller-scale bedforms and finer-grained contourite deposits of adjacent sediment drift facies. Radiocarbon ages verify that the inner shelf shoreface sand facies (sedimentation rate 7.1 cm/kyr), mid-shelf mud facies (maximum rate 234 cm/kyr) and surface sandy contourite layer of 0.2–1.2 m thickness on the Cadiz slope (1–12 cm/kyr) have deposited during Holocene time when high sea level results in maximum water depth over the Gibraltar sill and full development of the Atlantic inflow and Mediterranean outflow currents. The transgressive sand sheet of the shelf, and the mud layer underlying the surface contourite sand sheet of the slope, correlate, respectively, with the late Pleistocene sea level lowstand and apparent weak Mediterranean outflow current.

Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch

The warmest global climates of the past 65 million years occurred during the early Eocene epoch (about 55 to 48 million years ago), when the Equator-to-pole temperature gradients were much smaller than today and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were in excess of one thousand parts per million by volume. Recently the early Eocene has received considerable interest because it may provide insight into the response of Earth’s climate and biosphere to the high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that are expected in the near future as a consequence of unabated anthropogenic carbon emissions. Climatic conditions of the early Eocene ‘greenhouse world’, however, are poorly constrained in critical regions, particularly Antarctica. Here we present a well-dated record of early Eocene climate on Antarctica from an ocean sediment core recovered off the Wilkes Land coast of East Antarctica. The information from biotic climate proxies (pollen and spores) and independent organic geochemical climate proxies (indices based on branched tetraether lipids) yields quantitative, seasonal temperature reconstructions for the early Eocene greenhouse world on Antarctica. We show that the climate in lowland settings along the Wilkes Land coast (at a palaeolatitude of about 70° south) supported the growth of highly diverse, near-tropical forests characterized by mesothermal to megathermal floral elements including palms and Bombacoideae. Notably, winters were extremely mild (warmer than 10 °C) and essentially frost-free despite polar darkness, which provides a critical new constraint for the validation of climate models and for understanding the response of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems to increased carbon dioxide forcing.

Eocene cooling linked to early flow across the Tasmanian Gateway

The warmest global temperatures of the past 85 million years occurred during a prolonged greenhouse episode known as the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (52–50 Ma). The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum terminated with a long-term cooling trend that culminated in continental-scale glaciation of Antarctica from 34 Ma onward. Whereas early studies attributed the Eocene transition from greenhouse to icehouse climates to the tectonic opening of Southern Ocean gateways, more recent investigations invoked a dominant role of declining atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (e.g., CO2). However, the scarcity of field data has prevented empirical evaluation of these hypotheses. We present marine microfossil and organic geochemical records spanning the early-to-middle Eocene transition from the Wilkes Land Margin, East Antarctica. Dinoflagellate biogeography and sea surface temperature paleothermometry reveal that the earliest throughflow of a westbound Antarctic Counter Current began ∼49–50 Ma through a southern opening of the Tasmanian Gateway. This early opening occurs in conjunction with the simultaneous onset of regional surface water and continental cooling (2–4 °C), evidenced by biomarker- and pollen-based paleothermometry. We interpret that the westbound flowing current flow across the Tasmanian Gateway resulted in cooling of Antarctic surface waters and coasts, which was conveyed to global intermediate waters through invigorated deep convection in southern high latitudes. Although atmospheric CO2 forcing alone would provide a more uniform middle Eocene cooling, the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway better explains Southern Ocean surface water and global deep ocean cooling in the apparent absence of (sub-) equatorial cooling.

TECTONIC AND SEDIMENT SUPPLY CONTROL OF DEEP RIFT LAKE TURBIDITE SYSTEMS :LAKE BAIKAL, RUSSIA

Tectonically influenced half-graben morphology controls the amount and type of sediment supply and consequent type of late Quaternary turbidite systems developed in the active rift basins of Lake Baikal, Russia. Steep border fault slopes (footwall) on the northwest sides of half-graben basins provide a limited supply of coarser grained clastic material to multiple small fan deltas. These multiple sediment sources in turn laterally feed small ( 65 km) axially fed elongate mud-rich fans sourced by regional exterior drainage of the Selenga River that supplies large quantities of silt. Basin plain turbidites in the center of the linear basins and axial channels that are controlled by rift-parallel faults are fed from, and interfinger with, aprons and fans. The predictability of the turbidite systems in Lake Baikal provides the best example yet studied of how tectonics and sediment supply interact to control the development of a wide variety of coeval turbidite systems on a single basin floor.

Morphology and Acoustic Character of the Antarctic Wilkes Land Turbidite Systems: Ice-Sheet-Sourced Versus River-Sourced Fans

The Wilkes Land continental slope contains an intricate network of submarine canyons that on the continental rise develop into a series of channel and overbank deposits of turbidite systems. We can define upper-fan, middle-fan, and lower-fan provinces. The Wilkes Land upper fans are characterized by large channels with relief up to 900 m, distances between levee crests up to 18 km, and channel-floor widths up to 6 km. Middle-fan channels also have high relief (∼300 m), and locally, interchannel areas exhibit mounded contourite-style deposits with high relief (up to 490 m). Within middle-fan sediment mounds there are acoustic facies of channel-overbank deposits from turbidity currents, and of sediment waves from contour-current sedimentation. The lower rise is characterized by small, shallow channels (50-75 m relief) and by interchannel areas of low relief, both characteristic of a lower-fan environment. The Wilkes Land turbidite systems show the following significant morphological differences compared to most river-sourced fans: (1) multiple large tributary channels across the upper and middle fan, (2) channel relief several times greater (900 m) than typical relief (100-200 m) for channels on fans less than 300 km in diameter, and (3) steep middle-fan and lower-fan gradients. We interpret the differences in channel network patterns, channel size, and middle-fan and lower-fan gradients between the Wilkes Land fans and other fans to result from the continental ice sheet feeding glacial ice streams that reached the outer continental shelf at times of glacial maxima. The Wilkes Land canyon-channel network patterns are comparable with the high-latitude Laurentian Fan and Labrador Sea channels. The Laurentian Fan also has large upper-fan channels with larger relief (800 m) than typical relief (200-300 m) expected for fans that are 600 km in diameter. Both the Labrador Sea and Laurentian Fan are fed by continental ice sheets at the shelf edge.

Chronostratigraphic framework for the IODP Expedition 318 cores from the Wilkes Land Margin: constraints for paleoceanographic reconstruction

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 318 to the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica recovered a sedimentary succession ranging in age from lower Eocene to the Holocene. Excellent stratigraphic control is key to understanding the timing of paleoceanographic events through critical climate intervals. Drill sites recovered the lower and middle Eocene, nearly the entire Oligocene, the Miocene from about 17 Ma, the entire Pliocene and much of the Pleistocene. The paleomagnetic properties are generally suitable for magnetostratigraphic interpretation, with well-behaved demagnetization diagrams, uniform distribution of declinations, and a clear separation into two inclination modes. Although the sequences were discontinuously recovered with many gaps due to coring, and there are hiatuses from sedimentary and tectonic processes, the magnetostratigraphic patterns are in general readily interpretable. Our interpretations are integrated with the diatom, radiolarian, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) biostratigraphy. The magnetostratigraphy significantly improves the resolution of the chronostratigraphy, particularly in intervals with poor biostratigraphic control. However, Southern Ocean records with reliable magnetostratigraphies are notably scarce, and the data reported here provide an opportunity for improved calibration of the biostratigraphic records. In particular, we provide a rare magnetostratigraphic calibration for dinocyst biostratigraphy in the Paleogene and a substantially improved diatom calibration for the Pliocene. This paper presents the stratigraphic framework for future paleoceanographic proxy records which are being developed for the Wilkes Land margin cores. It further provides tight constraints on the duration of regional hiatuses inferred from seismic surveys of the region.

Reorganization of Southern Ocean Plankton Ecosystem at the Onset of Antarctic Glaciation

Southern Change Antarctica has been mostly covered by ice since the inception of large-scale continental glaciation during the Oligocene, which profoundly altered the isotopic and mineralogical records of the sediments surrounding the continent. Houben et al. (p. 341) found records of the corresponding living systems in the fossil marine dinoflagellate cysts, which revealed that a microplankton ecosystem, similar to the one that exists today, appeared simultaneously with the first major Antarctic glaciation approximately 34 million years ago. The Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem underwent an abrupt and profound reorganization in the earliest Oligocene. The circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean is an important region for global marine food webs and carbon cycling because of sea-ice formation and its unique plankton ecosystem. However, the mechanisms underlying the installation of this distinct ecosystem and the geological timing of its development remain unknown. Here, we show, on the basis of fossil marine dinoflagellate cyst records, that a major restructuring of the Southern Ocean plankton ecosystem occurred abruptly and concomitant with the first major Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene (~33.6 million years ago). This turnover marks a regime shift in zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions and community structure, which indicates the appearance of eutrophic and seasonally productive environments on the Antarctic margin. We conclude that earliest Oligocene cooling, ice-sheet expansion, and subsequent sea-ice formation were important drivers of biotic evolution in the Southern Ocean.

Deciphering bottom current velocity and paleoclimate signals from contourite deposits in the Gulf of Cádiz during the last 140 kyr: An inorganic geochemical approach

Contourites in the Gulf of Cadiz (GC) preserve a unique archive of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) variability over the past 5.3 Ma. In our study, we investigate the potential of geochemical data obtained by XRF scanning to decipher bottom current processes and paleoclimatic evolution at two different sites drilled during IODP Expedition 339 through contourites in the northern GC: Site U1387, which is bathed by the upper MOW core, and Site U1389, located more proximal to the Strait of Gibraltar. The lack of major downslope transport during the Pleistocene makes both locations ideally suited for our study. The results indicate that the Zr/Al ratio, representing the relative enrichment of heavy minerals (zircon) over less dense alumnosilicates under fast bottom current flow, is the most useful indicator for a semiquantitative assessment of current velocity. Although most elements are biased by current-related processes, the bromine (Br) record, representing organic content, preserves the most pristine climate signal rather independent of grain-size changes. Hence, Br can be used for chronostratigraphy and site-to-site correlation in addition to stable isotope stratigraphy. Based on these findings, we reconstructed MOW variability for Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–5 using the Zr/Al ratio from Site U1387. The results reveal abrupt, millennial-scale variations of MOW strength during Greenland Stadials (GS) and Interstadials (GI) with strong MOW during GS and glacial Terminations and a complex behavior during Heinrich Stadials. Millennial-scale variability persisting during periods of poorly expressed GS/GI cyclicities implies a strong internal oscillation of the Mediterranean/North Atlantic climate system.

Persistent monsoonal forcing of Mediterranean Outflow Water dynamics during the late Pleistocene

The mode and vigor of the global oceanic circulation critically depend on the salinity of (sub)surface water masses advected to the loci of deep-water formation. Within the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), an important supplier of high-salinity waters is the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW), discharging into the North Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar. Despite its importance for the North Atlantic salinity budget, the long-term dynamics of MOW production have remained poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution records of bottom-current velocity from three drill sites within the Gulf of Cadiz that document a persistent low-latitude forcing of MOW flow speed over the past ∼150 k.y. We demonstrate that the African monsoon is the predominant driver of orbital-scale MOW variability via its influence on the freshwater budget of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, MOW formation fluctuates in concert with orbital precession overprinted by centennial-scale oscillations of high-latitude origin. We further document that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation minima stimulate maximal injection of MOW-derived salt into the North Atlantic, likely strengthening the intermediate AMOC branch. The direct coupling of MOW dynamics to low-latitude climate forcing represents a hitherto neglected process for propagating (sub)tropical climate signals into the high northern latitudes.

Sedimentology, physical properties and age of mass transport deposits associated with the Marqués de Pombal Fault, Southwest Portuguese Margin

6 pages, 4 figures, 17 references.-- Trabajo presentado al 7th International Workshop on Sap Flow, celebrado del 21-24 de octubre 2008, en Sevilla, Espana.This research has been supported in part by the “Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia”, Spain, (VIN00-036-C6-3, RF02-004-C5-2, HP2000-0032, VIN03-002-C6-3). The Excma. Diputacion Provincial de Pontevedra also provided a research grant.Presentacion con 38 diapositivas ; Conferencia invitada ; ECLA 2016: Gas on the rock, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 21-25 Nov. 2016El objetivo perseguido en este trabajo ha sido avanzar y profundizar en el conocimiento de la ruta de degradacion del acido fenilacetico (PA) en Escherichia coli W En primer lugar se ha caracterizado la segunda etapa en la degradacion de PA, la transformacion de PA en fenilacetil-CoA (PA-CoA). Se ha demostrado por una parte, que los genes paaABCDE son todos necesarios para la hidroxilacion del anillo aromatico de PA-CoA, primer intermediario de la ruta, y por otro lado, que esta hidroxilacion es dependiente de oxigeno. En segundo lugar se han estudiado el gen paaX, que codifica un represor que controla la expresion de los genes catabolicos. En este trabajo se ha confirmado que la proteina PaaX tambien esta implicada en la represion de su propia expresion, y se ha observado que el PA-CoA es el inductor del sistema. La proteina PaaX es capaz de competir y desplazar la union de la RNA polimerasa a la zona promotora. Se ha observado que los promotores de la ruta de degradacion del PA no se pueden activar en anaerobiosis, porque no puede sintetizarse PA-CoA, ya que la PA-CoA ligasa pierde rapidamente su actividad en ausencia de oxigeno. En tercer lugar se ha estudiado la funcion del gen paaY que se encuentra contiguo al gen paaX La ausencia del gen paaY retrasa de forma significativa el crecimiento de E. coli en PA pero solo cuando esta presente el represor PaaX. Ademas las celulas deficientes en este gen no son capaces de activar de forma efectiva la ruta paa cuando la bacteria utiliza unicamente PA como fuente de energia. La proteina PaaY se ha hiperexpresado y purificado, comprobandose que es una metaloenzima trimerica que presenta actividad tioesterasa sobre algunos compuestos derivados de CoA.8 paginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 1 tabla.-- 23 referencias.-- Comunicacion oral presentada en Geothermal biology and geochemistry in Yellowstone National Park: Proceeding of the Thermal Biology Institute workshop, Yellowstone National Park, WY, October 2003This paper was made possible thanks to the sponsorship of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (Research Project BHA2003-04414-C03-01).Recientemente se ha sintetizado en nuestro laboratorio el primer oxido mixto de cobre y plata. Tal sintesis ha sido posible gracias a la utilizacion de metodos de quimica suave y baja temperatura, que impiden que los oxidos de plata se descompongan. En este trabajo se describe el estudio llevado a cabo sobre el comportamiento electroquimico del oxido mixto de cobre y plata, Ag2Cu2O3 ,mediante voltametria ciclica y electrolisis tanto para los procesos de oxidacion como de reduccion. Dicho compuesto sufre varios procesos redox cuando es reducido, obteniendose plata metalica y cobre metalico como productos finales, sin que se de regeneracion del oxido al volver a oxidar a estos. En cambio al ser oxidado el Ag2Cu2O3, se observa la formacion de una fase oxidada de estequiometria Ag2Cu2O4�}� a partir de la cual se puede regenerar el compuesto original.Con el desarrollo de la biologia molecular, la produccion de proteinas en sistemas heterologos ha cobrado gran importancia en el campo de la biotecnologia. La posibilidad de purificar e inmovilizar estas proteinas recombinantes representan una ventaja importante para su aplicacion en procesos industriales o en el desarrollo de productos biotecnologicos. Por ello, el uso de polipeptidos de afinidad, mas conocidos como tags, que proporcionan caracteristicas determinadas a las proteinas de fusion es una tecnologia ampliamente utilizada tanto en investigacion basica como en procesos industriales. En esta Tesis se ha trabajado con dos sistemas muy ventajosos que permiten purificar e inmovilizar proteinas de fusion en soportes solidos utilizando dos tipos de tags: - El ChBD, tag de afinidad que reconoce colina y otros compuestos analogos, permiten purificar en un unico paso de cromatografico utilizando un soporte muy economico, la DEAE-celulosa. Ademas ofrece la posibilidad de inmovilizar dichas proteinas en papel de DEAE-celulosa manteniendo su funcionalidad. - BioF, un nuevo tag disenado en esta Tesis, que permite obtener proteinas de fusion inmovilizadas en granulos de polihidroxialcanoato de cadena media, un soporte solido biodegradable y biocompatible conocido como bioplastico. Las proteinas de fusion asociadas a estos granulos pueden purificarse con ellos mediante una sencilla centrifugacion y, si es necesario, liberarse en solucion mediante tratamientos suaves. En esta Memoria se han determinado distintas caracteristicas de dichos tags se han disenado las herramientas biotecnologicas necesarias para su utilizacion. Ademas se han realizado proteinas de fusion que demuestran la funcionalidad de ambos tags. Entre las proteinas obtenidas, es relevante destacar, por su interes industrial, la DAO-ChBD, con actividad D-aminoacido oxidasa y la ChBD-Pyr, con actividad pirofosfatasa. Tambien seIn Possibilistic Decision Theory (PDT), decisions are ranked by a pressimistic or by an optimistic qualitative criteria. The preference relations induced by these criteria have been axiomatized by corresponding sets of rationality postulates, both a la von Neumann and Morgenstern and a la Savage. In this paper we first address a particular issue regarding the axiomatic systems of PDT a la von Neumann and Morgenstern. Namely, we show how to adapt the axiomatic systems for the pessimistic and optimistic criteria when some finiteness assumptions in the original model are dropped. Second, we show that a recent axiomatic approach by Giang and Shenoy using binary utilities can be captured by preference relations defined as lexicographic refinements of the above two criteria. We also provide an axiomatic characterization of these lexicographic refinements.The southwestern margin of the Iberian Peninsula hosts the present-day convergent boundary between the European and African Plates. Plate convergence is about 4 mm/yr and is accommodated over a wide and diffuse deformation zone (Sartori et al. 1994) characterized by significant and widespread seismic activity (e.g. Grimison & Chen 1986; Buforn et al. 1995; Stich et al. 2005), being the source of the largest events in Western Europe, such as the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Tsunami (estimated Moment Magnitude Mw 8.5) (Abe 1989; Johnston 1996; Baptista et al. 1998) and 1969 Horseshoe Earthquake (Mw 7.8) (Fukao 1973; Stich et al. 2005) (Fig. 1).Application of Isotopic analysis in archaeometallurgy research Isotopic analysis of archaeological metals plays a key role in provenance and trade/exchange studies. These analytical techniques were developed originally in the field of Earth Sciences for the study of rocks and minerals, but since the 60s of the XX century have also been used for the analysis of many ancient materials (metals, glass and glazed pottery). Of particular interest for tracing the provenance of metals is lead (Pb). Depending on age, type and geochemical composition of the ore source, different isotopic compositions are found. Due to isotopic ratios not changing through the metallurgical processes (smelting and melting), the isotopic fingerprint of one metal can be linked with the ore sources. Recent investigations with Cu, Sn and Os isotopes provide new paths for the study of the metals provenance.Financial support of the DGES (Project PB97-1046) and DGI (Project BOS2000-0296-C03-01) of Spain is kindly acknowledged.Trabajo presentado por Yolanda Aguilera Gutierrez para optar al grado de Doctor y que ha sido realizado en el Departamento de Quimica Agricola de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UAM.En esta Tesis Doctoral se caracterizan las dos proteinas MFP1 (MAR-blinding Filament-like Protein 1) nucleares de Allum cepa mediante inmunodeteccion e inmunoprecipitacion con dos sueros desarrollados contra las proteinas de tomate y Arabidopsis. AcMFP1-78KDa es una proteina constitutiva con un pl ligeramente acido (5,5), y se distribuye en distintos subdominios nucleares en funcion del tipo celular y el tejido. Mediante microscopia electronica se ha demostrado que lo hace en pequenos dominios localizados preferentemente en la periferia de las masas de heterocromatina densa. Posee ademas una doble localizacion subcelular, localizados en los cloroplastos con un patron de distribucion similar al de MFP1 en otras especies. El segundo homologo, de 90 Kda y al basico (8,5-9,5), posee distintos estados de fosforilacion que influyen en su union a la matriz nuclear, habiendose demostrado que la Caseina kinasa CK2 endogena puede regular dicha union. AcMFP1-90KDa se acumula en cuerpos nucleares cuyo numero se incrementa por la proliferacion celular y la presencia de luz. Tambien se distribuye por el reticulo de la matriz nuclear, asociada a los filamentos del nucleoesqueleto. Estudios de co-localizacion demuestran que las proteinas AcMFP1 no forman parte de los complejos de replicacion, los de procesamiento co-transcripcional, los granulos intercromatinicos ni los Cuerpos de Cajal. Las distintas caracteristicas y patrones de distribucion y expresion de ambas proteinas sugieren funciones diferentes, o al menos distintas formas de regulacion. Los resultados sugieren una interaccion de AcMFP1-78KDa con la eucromatina, y una funcion estructural en la matriz nuclear para AcMFP1-90KDa.6 pages, 5 figures, 18 references. Electronic Newsletter. CSIC Thematic Network on Cultural Heritage and Network on Science and Technology for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, CSIC, Apartado de Correos 1052, 41080 Sevilla (Spain)This paper deals with three main aspects os the imagery of youth in Hellenistic Iberia. First, I study the iconography of vegetation and flowers associated with juvenile vigour and with the gods, as expressed in vase scenes from San Miguel de Liria or La Alcudia de Elche. Second, I analyze the ideal of the young leader or prince, spread in Iberia by the Barcids and especially by Hannibal and, later, by the Roman conquerors, exemplified by Publius Cornelius Scipio). I point to the function fulfilled by the youth in political pacts, via amicitia and fides. Literary and numismatic sources, emphasizing the Carthago Nova mint, are also studied. Finally, I refer to the representation of a duel by youths, as in the case of the sculptured monument at Osuna (Seville), and put forward the hypothesis of a ritualization of war in festivals, in which young men and women take part, although I leave this last part open to further debate.espanolSe estudio el efecto de la contaminacion con altas cantidades de un residuo compuesto de isomeros de 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaclorociclohexano (HCHs) (10, 50 y 100 g HCHs kg-1 suelo) sobre la densidad en el suelo de microorganismos heterotrofos, algas y cianobacterias fijadoras de N2 , sobre algunos microorganismos implicados en los ciclos de C y N (amonificantes, amiloliticos, y celuloliticos) asi como sobre la capacidad de las comunidades microbianas edaficas para degradar varios sustratos carbonados (perfiles fisiologicos de las comunidades microbianas, CCLP). Estas propiedades microbianas se analizaron a las 2 semanas y los 2 y 4 meses de la aplicacion del contaminante. Tambien se estudio el efecto de la contaminacion con HCHs aplicado a distintas concentraciones y en forma de particulas de distinto tamano, sobre la respiracion del suelo. A corto plazo tras la adicion del contaminante al suelo, la densidad de los microorganismos heterotrofos aumento, la abundancia de algas descendio y la poblacion de cianobacterias no vario significativamente. A los 4 meses de la contaminacion el efecto de las concentraciones de contaminante mas altas (50 y 100 g HCHs kg-1 suelo) sobre los grupos microbianos mencionados fue negativo. El residuo de HCHs tuvo un efecto sobre la poblacion amonificante similar a la observada en los microorganismos heterotrofos. Las densidades de amiloliticos y celuloliticos no se vieron afectadas o aumentaron, a corto plazo despues de la adicion de contaminante, aunque, a largo plazo (4 meses tras la contaminacion) experimentaron una reduccion con las concentraciones mas altas de HCHs. A los dos meses de la contaminacion, la capacidad de las comunidades microbianas del suelo para degradar sustratos carbonados (CCLP) se vio negativamente afectada por el residuo de HCHs. Cabe resaltar el descenso en la degradacion de aminoacidos, que fue especialmente importante en los suelos con 50 y 100 g HCHs kg-1 suelo. El residuo de HCHs tambien afecto a la respiracion del suelo, aunque el efecto dependio de la cantidad y tamano de particula del contaminante y de la presencia o ausencia de microorganismos procedentes de un emplazamiento contaminado con HCHs por largo tiempo (adaptados a la contaminacion con HCHs). Cuando estuvieron presentes microorganismos adaptados a HCHs y el contaminante se aplico en forma de particulas 4-10 mm, la respiracion del suelo se vio estimulada con concentraciones entre 20 y 100 g HCHs kg-1 suelo e inhibida con concentraciones mayores de 200 g HCHs kg-1 suelo. Al aplicar el residuo de HCHs en forma de particulas EnglishThe effect of heavy contamination with a residue composed of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) (10, 50 and 100 g HCHs kg-1 soil) on the densities of cultivable soil heterotrophs, algae and N2 -fixing cyanobacteria, on soil microorganisms involved in the N and C cycles (ammonifiers, amylolytics and cellulolytics) as well as on the ability of soil microbial communities to degrade several C substrates (community level physiological profiles, CCLP) was studied. These microbial properties were analysed 2 weeks, and 2 and 4 months, after the soil was artificially contaminated. The effect of HCHs residue applied at different concentrations, and in the form of particles of different sizes on soil respiration was studied. The influence of the presence or absence of microorganisms from a long term polluted site on the effect of HCHs on soil respiration was also analysed. In the short term after the addition of the contaminant to the soil, the density of heterotrophs increased, the abundance of algae decreased, while the population of cyanobacteria did not change significantly. Four months after contamination the effect of the highest concentrations of HCHs (50 and 100 g HCHs kg-1 soil) on these microbial groups was negative. The HCH residue had a similar effect on the ammonifying population to that on heterotrophs. The densities of amylolytics and cellulolytics were either not modified, or were stimulated by the contaminant in the short term but, in the longer term (4 months after the contamination), were inhibited by HCHs applied at the highest concentrations. Two months after contamination, the ability of soil microbial communities to degrade C substrates (CCLP) was negatively affected by HCHs. It was noteworthy the decrease in the ability for degrading aminoacids, which was particularly important in the soils with 50 and 100 g HCHs kg-1 soil. HCHs also affected soil respiration but the effect depended on the HCH concentration, particle size of the contaminant, and on the presence or absence of microorganisms from a long term HCH-contaminated site (adapted to HCH contamination). When microorganisms adapted to HCH contamination were present and the contaminant was applied in form of particles of 4-10 mm, the soil respiration was stimulated by HCH at concentrations between 20 and 100 g HCH kg-1 and inhibited with concentrations higher than 200 g HCH kg-1 soil. If the HCHs were applied as particlesThis study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (grant BOS2000-0450).Este trabajo pretende una reflexion sobre la verdadera dimension cientifica de Jose Maria Esquerdo. A la luz de las escasas fuentes disponibles, se lleva a cabo un analisis critico de sus aportaciones a la teoria y a la clinica �que vienen a completar otros acercamientos previos centrados en aspectos politicos, profesionales y asistenciales�. Se hace hincapie en la vertiente mas doctrinal de su pensamiento, ubicando el mismo en el marco del alienismo espanol y europeo de su epoca y valorando hasta que punto la obra de esta figura de la medicina espanola decimononica pueden ser considerada, tal y como se ha sostenido con frecuencia, relevante en el contexto en que fue realizadaIn this paper, we propose a box particle filtering algorithm for state estimation in nonlinear systems whose model assumes two types of uncertainties: stochastic noise in the measurements and bounded errors affecting the system dynamics. These assumptions respond to situations frequently encountered in practice. The proposed method includes a new way to weight the box particles as well as a new resampling procedure based on repartitioning the box enclosing the updated state. The proposed box particle filtering algorithm is applied in a fault detection schema illustrated by a sensor network target tracking example.Tesis doctoral inedita. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Geologia y Geoquimica. Fecha de lectura: 22-04-0811 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 75 references. We thank the Consejeria de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucia, and the Direction of the National Park of Sierra Nevada for permission to field work, constant support and facilities. We are also especially grateful to Empresa de Transformacion Agraria S.A. (TRAGSA) for carrying out the experimental reforestation. We thank Sergio de Haro and several students for field assistance. David Nesbitt looked over the English version of the manuscript.En este trabajo se ha estudiado la sintesis de hidroxiapatito por el metodo de combustion. Se ha considerado la influencia de los parametros de temperatura, tiempo de reaccion, relacion Ca/P y la acidez del medio, para sintetizar particulas nanometricas de hidroxiapatito por un metodo rapido y simple como es el de combustion. Se han empleado como materias primas nitrato de calcio y fosfato amonico, y como combustible urea. Las diferentes sintesis se han llevado a cabo en una mufla y los polvos obtenidos han sido caracterizados por DRX, FESEM, ATD-TG, FTIR y superficie especifica.En este trabajo se presentan y discuten los resultados de la caracterizacion arqueometrica realizada sobre un conjunto representativo de figurillas ceramicas del Clasico Tardio procedentes de las excavaciones arqueologicas efectuadas en la ciudad maya de Calakmul (Campeche, Mexico). Los objetivos principales han sido recabar informacion sobre la tecnologia de manufactura de estas ceramicas y evaluar su posible procedencia. La caracterizacion arqueometrica se ha llevado a cabo mediante las siguientes tecnicas complementarias: microscopia optica convencional (MO), difraccion de rayos X (DRX) de polvo, espectroscopia infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier (FT- R) y fluorescencia de rayos X (FRX). Con el fin de aislar grupos ceramicos con un perfil quimico similar, los datos obtenidos con FRX se han analizado tambien con tecnicas exploratorias de analisis estadistico multivariante. Los resultados indican que la mayoria de las figurillas se manufacturaron localmente con una materia prima arcillosa rica en carbonato de calcio (calcita). Tambien se ha identificado un pequeno grupo de ceramicas rico en carbonatos mixtos de calcio y magnesio (dolomita), que podria ser foraneo o procedente de otra zona de la region de Calakmul. Estos datos sugieren que la produccion de figurillas ceramicas pudo estar asociada a talleres ligados al monopolio sobre la produccion ceramica que el poder centralizado de la ciudad de Calakmul ejercio en este periodo.Se ha estudiado la influencia del humo de silice sobre el mecanismo de hidratacion del monoaluminato de calcio (CaAl2O4) a temperatura ambiente y con una relacion agua/solidos de 0,5. La evolucion de las fases hidratadas, que se forman en los primeros instantes de la reaccion, se ha estudiado por difraccion de rayos X de laboratorio con una resolucion temporal de 36 min. La integracion de picos de difraccion seleccionados de las fases: Ca2Al2O5·8H2O (Ca2Al2(OH)10·3H2O), CaAl2O4 y Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·5H2O, ha permitido establecer la cinetica de la reaccion. Asi, se ha puesto de manifiesto que el humo de silice provoca una drastica disminucion en el periodo de induccion de la hidratacion y acelera la formacion de los hidratos cristalinos metaestables Ca2Al2(OH)10·3H2O y Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·5H2O. Estos resultados se han confirmado por Termogravimetria, Analisis Termico Diferencial y Microscopia Electronica de Barrido. El mecanismo de hidratacion propuesto se apoya en datos previos de Resonancia Magnetica Nuclear de Solidos (RMN) de 29Si de los autores de este articulo.Una version anterior de este trabajo fue presentada en el XIX Congreso de Geografos Espanoles: ‘Espacios publicos, espacios privados’, organizado por la AGE y el Departamento de Geografia, Urbanismo y Ordenacion del Territorio de la Universidad de Cantabria. Santander (Espana), Octubre 2005.Trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigacion BHA2003-01664 del MCYT y como contratado por el Programa Ramon y Cajal del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (convocatoria 2002)The aim of the present work is to determine the physical and hydrodynamic properties of the soils and the factors that govern the spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in the semiarid sector of the Duero basin (Spain). To accomplish this, we used a soil moisture-measuring network, with 20 stations, each endowed with 4 TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) probes inserted at different depths. At each of the soil moisture sampling points we determined the texture, bulk density, organic matter content and the water retention curve. The study period lasted 21 months, during which contrasted climatic situations were recorded. The results show that the textural fraction is the main variable accounting for the patterns of spatial soil moisture distribution over time. Its effect is direct on i) the water retention capacity of the soils, with an amount of plant available water ranging between 6.5 and 8.9 % vol.; ii) the spatial variability of the soil moisture throughout the area, and iii) soil moisture distribution along the profile. Finally, an outstanding aspect is the considerable effect of the organic matter, despite its low contents, on the water retention capacity of the soils studied.El trabajo experimental presentado en esta memoria por Roberto Alonso Gil, ha sido realizado en el Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular (Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC) y en el Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols” (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-CSIC; Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia Molecular), bajo la direccion del Dr. Manuel Izquierdo Pastor.Two new sterols, 1-2, unus ually hydroxylated at C -21 have been isolated from the marine pulmonate Trimusculus peruvianus. Compound 2 possesses a Δ 7 -3α,5α,6β-triol nucleus unprecedented in marine organisms. The structure and stereochemistries were determined on the basis of spectral studies, particularly NMR and MS spectroscopic data. 1 and 2 are the entire sterol content of the mollusk and both exhibit moderate in vitro cytotoxic activity against human colon carcinoma cell lines.4 paginas, 4 figuras, 4 tablas.-- Trabajo presentado a la 34a Sesion Cientifica, Bilbao 2003.In Drosophila, mutations in double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair enzymes, such as spn-B, activate a meiotic checkpoint leading to dorsal-ventral patterning defects in the egg and an abnormal appearance of the oocyte nucleus. Mutations in spn-D cause an array of ovarian phenotypes similar to spn-B. We have cloned the spn-D locus and found that it encodes a protein of 271 amino acids that shows significant homology to the human RAD51C protein. In mammals the spn-B and spn-D homologs, XRCC3 and RAD51C, play a role in genomic stability in somatic cells. To test for a similar role for spn-B and spn-D in double-strand DNA repair in mitotic cells, we analyzed the sensitivity of single and double mutants to DSBs induced by exposure to X rays and MMS. We found that neither singly mutant nor doubly mutant animals were significantly sensitized to MMS or X rays. These results suggest that spn-B and spn-D act in meiotic recombination but not in repair of DSBs in somatic cells. As there is no apparent ortholog of the meiosis-specific DMC1 gene in the Drosophila genome, and given their meiosis-specific requirement, we suggest that spn-B and spn-D may have a function comparable to DMC1.Este trabajo se realizo en el marco del proyecto BTE 2002-040 17 -C02-01 del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia en el desarrollo de la beca FPI con referencia BES- 2003-1573.Trabajo realizado en el marco del Programa Contrato Ramon y Cajal (2002) y financiado por los proyectos de Investigacion: BHA-2002-00588 y BHA 2003-01664 del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia.Trabajo realizado en el marco del Proyecto BHA 2002-00588 (Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia- Espana)espanolUna caracteristica esencial de la vida de todo organismo es la adaptacion constante a los cambios que tienen lugar en su entorno. Para ello, esas variaciones ambientales deben ser leidas y traducidas en respuesta fisiologica. De ahi que, los organismos hayan desarrollado diversos mecanismos de integracion, de amplificacion y de mantenimiento de la senal del medio. La naturaleza de los mecanismos de senalizacion y respuesta celular varia en funcion de la complejidad del organismo. Sin embargo, se puede decir que el aspecto basico de toda adaptacion es de caracter universal, en el que se pueden distinguir tres grandes etapas: 1) la lectura de la senal propiciada por el entorno, 2) la transmision de la senal recibida y, 3), la respuesta celular. Al final toda respuesta celular implica un cambio intracelular basado en el control de la expresion genica y/o actividad de proteinas, cuya funcion permite adecuar el metabolismo celular a las necesidades de cada momento. La tesis aqui presentada se centra en el mecanismo de senalizacion por glucosa. La glucosa es la principal fuente de carbono y de energia para la mayoria de los organismos. Ademas de ser nutriente se puede considerar a la glucosa como una hormona de crecimiento, ya que regula varios aspectos del crecimiento, metabolismo y desarrollo celular. Para llevar a cabo dicho estudio hicimos uso de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. En S. cerevisiae la presencia de glucosa modula distintos procesos celulares. La regulacion del metabolismo supone controlar las rutas implicadas a distintos niveles: a corto plazo se modifica la actividad de distintas proteinas, como es el caso de la inactivacion por catabolito de los transportadores de galactosa y maltosa; mientras que a largo plazo se producen cambios en la actividad transcripcional. La glucosa en S. cerevisiae regula la expresion genica mediante dos rutas diferentes denominadas ruta de induccion y ruta de represion. Mediante la ruta de represion se inactiva la expresion genica de un gran numero de genes tales como los genes responsables de la utilizacion de otras fuentes de carbono distintas a la glucosa, de la gluconeogenesis y la respiracion. Por el contrario, mediante la ruta de induccion se activan los genes responsables de la utilizacion de la glucosa, tales como genes que codifican para enzimas glicoliticos y transportadores de glucosa, HXTs. Para estudiar la senalizacion por glucosa estudiamos la regulacion de la expresion genica del transportador de glucosa de baja afinidad, HXT1, de S. cerevisiae, cuyo sistema de expresion se considera modelo de induccion genica por glucosa. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la regulacion por glucosa de la expresion del transportador de glucosa de baja afinidad, HXT1, de S. cerevisiae se realiza a traves de al menos tres mecanismos de senalizacion diferentes: el sistema de induccion genica por glucosa, la ruta TOR, ruta de senalizacion de nutrientes a traves de los homologos a las proteinas 14-3-3, y la ruta HOG, ruta de respuesta a estres osmotico. La accion coordinada de dichos mecanismos modula la actividad transcripcional sobre el gen HXT1, permitiendo finalmente que el gen se exprese ante la presencia de glucosa. Por tanto, la regulacion de HXT1 es un ejemplo mas de como se interrelacionan distintos procesos celulares para adecuar el metabolismo celular segun las necesidades. TOR (target of rapamycin). HOG ( High osmolarity glycerol signal transduction pathway ). __________________________________________________________________________________________________ EnglishSensing nutrients is a fundamental requisite for all living cells. For most eukaryotic cells glucose is a major source of energy, having significant and varied effects on cell function. Maintaining glucose homoeostasis is consequently of great importance to many organisms. Interest in identifying mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to variations in glucose concentration has increased lately. Glucose regulates genes in all cells by mechanisms which have been conserved throughout evolution. The consensus is that glucose could act on target cells either by binding to a receptor at the cell surface, or through its metabolism. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the mechanism involved in glucose sensing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells prefer glucose as carbon source and have evolved mechanisms for sensing and responding to wildly fluctuating levels of extracellular glucose. These mechanisms involve a large family of hexose transporters (HXT proteins) and the glucose transporter homologues Snf3 and Rgt2. Snf3 and Rgt2 are glucose-sensing proteins at the plasma membrane with no detectable transport activity. They sense the extracellular glucose and generate an intracellular glucose signal that triggers the induction of HXT gene expression. Expression of HXT1, a gene encoding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae low-affinity glucose transporter, is regulated by glucose availability, being activated in the presence of glucose and inhibited when the levels of the sugar are scarce. In this study we show how glucose regulate HXT1 expression, and how glucose requires at least the coordinated action of three different mechanisms of signalling: glucose signalling pathway, osmotic stress signalling (HOG pathway) and nutrient-signalling (TOR pathway) .9 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, 55 references. We thank the Consejeria de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucia, for permitting our fieldwork in the Sierra Nevada National Park and Sierra de Baza Natural Park. We are especially grateful to Sergio de Haro, Elena Baraza and Jose Antonio Hodar for their help in the field. Peter Klinkhamer and two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. David Nesbitt improved the English version.The Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (Project REN2003-00381) and the Spanish Ministry of Environment (Project RESEL).Resumen del poster presentado al 48th European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Annual Meeting, celebrado en Berlin (Alemania) del 1 al 5 de octubre de 2012.-- et al.2 paginas y 1 tabla.- Resumen del poster presentado en el IV Congreso de Mejora genetica de plantas, celebrado en Cordoba entre el 14 y el 16 de octubre de 2008.Understanding the processes of tree population recruitment and their limitations, is the scientific basis to assure the forest natural regeneration, and to improve techniques of restoration and afforestation. We present here preliminary results of a collaborative project (HETEROMED). The environmental heterogeneity of Mediterranean forests was related to natural patterns of seedling establishment. Factorial design experiments of seed addition were carried out and the resulting emergence and survival were related to the conditions of light and soil moisture. The fieldwork was carried out at two natural areas in South Spain: Sierra Nevada National Park (higher mountains on the Southeast) and Los Alcornocales Natural Park (lower mountains in Sierra del Aljibe range, on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula). The experiments were focussed in seven target species - Quercus suber, Quercus canariensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus pyrenaica, Pinus sylvestris, Acer granatense and Sorbus aria. In addition, a glasshouse factorial experiment investigated the differential response of the four Quercus species to the combined effects of shade and drought. In both field sites (Sierra Nevada and Sierra del Aljibe) seedling emergence differed among species, but was not significantly affected by habitat (light availability). In Sierra Nevada, seedling survival after dry summer was statistically different between tree species, habitat type and irrigation treatment. Summer drought was the main cause of seedling mortality. Survival was higher in deep shade habitats than in open stands. Irrigation boosted survival in open areas (full light) and under shrublands (medium shade), but had scant effect inside woodland stands (deep shade). In Sierra del Aljibe, there were significant differences in seedling survival of Quercus suber between habitat types. Most surviving seedlings after the dry summer were in habitats with medium shade (under tree canopy), rather than in full light (open areas) or deep shade (closed forest) habitats. In the glasshouse study, the seedling mass (after six months of growth) was statistically different between species, and between light and water treatments. In the deep shade treatment seedling mass was not affected by stopping irrigation (simulating seasonal drought), unlike in the full light. A comparison of field and glasshouse results is carried out. A conflict between components of regeneration (seedling emergence, survival, and growth) is demonstrated as common in Mediterranean forests. The implications for ecological restoration are discussed and future perspectives of HETEROMED project are advanced.Presentacion con 40 diapositivas; Theoretical Challenges in Small Molecule Dynamics; The 15th ICQC Satellite Meeting, Dalian, China, 2-6 June 2015; http://www.sklmr.dicp.ac.cn/2015icqc/Financiacion del Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia a traves de los proyectos MAT2000-1495 y MAT2000-1533-C03-02.Los fondos para la realizacion de los estudios que componen la presente memoria fueron proporcionados por el Ministerio de Educacion que concedio una beca de formacion de personal investigador al licenciado Rodrigo Manuel Megia Palma (BES-2010-038427).8 paginas, 3 figuras, 20 referencias.-- 5th International Symposium on Olive Growing, celebrado en Izmir, Turquia, 2004.Los estudios realizados en esta Tesis han permitido la identificacion y caracterizacion del potencial catabolico de Azoarcus sp. CIB, capaz de degradar anaerobicamente (condiciones desnitrificantes) compuestos aromaticos tales corno tolueno y m-xileno. Por primera vez en el genero Azoarcus se ha propuesto una ruta central de degradacion anaerobica de compuestos aromaticos via benzoil-CoA y se han identificado los genes responsables de dicha ruta bioquimica, que se agrupan en un cluster, denominado bzd, organizado en un operon regulador, constituido por el gen bzdR, bajo el control del promotor PR y otro operon catabolico, bzdNOPQMSTUVWXYZ, bajo el control del promotor PN. Se ha disenado una casete portadora de los genes bzd en un vector movilizable de amplio espectro de huesped con el objetivo de explorar el potencial de la ingenieria de rutas anaerobicas, siendo esta la primera casete que se describe en el catabolismo anaerobico de compuestos aromaticos. El gen bzdA codifica una benzoato-CoA ligasa involucrada en la primera reaccion del catabolismo anaerobico de benzoato y reconoce corno sustratos una mayor variedad de compuestos aromaticos que otras benzoato-CoA ligasas descritas hasta el momento, por lo que su hiperproduccion en huespedes heterologos muestra interes biotecnologico para la sintesis de derivados de benzoil-CoA. La proteina reguladora BzdR constituye el primer represor transcripcional que se describe en el catabolismo anaerobico de compuestos aromaticos. Este regulador transcripcional interacciona con tres regiones operadoras presentes en el promotor catabolico PN inhibiendo su actividad, habiendose caracterizado, tambien por primera vez en catabolismo anaerobico de compuestos aromaticos, la naturaleza de la molecula inductora, el benzoil-CoA. La novedosa estructura modular de la proteina BzdR, constituida por un dominio de tipo HTH-XRE tipico de proteinas de union a ADN yEste trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del Programa Ramon y Cajal del MCyT (Convocatoria 2002).Se pretende estimar el efecto de un eventual cambio climatico y edafico sobre el patron de almacenamiento de carbohidratos en plantulas de un ano de tres especies lenosas mediterraneas del genero Quercus. Para ello se han cultivado las plantulas bajo tres condiciones contrastadas de fertilidad y tres de riego, experimento no factorial, durante una estacion de crecimiento. Se espera que en los medios menos fertiles se acumule carbono en forma de reservas debido a la limitacion en el crecimiento por falta de nutrientes. Asimismo, en condiciones de riego bajo, aumente la concentracion de glucosa para contribuir al ajuste osmotico de las hojas. Por ultimo, esperamos que Q. faginea, la especie de crecimiento mas rapido, invierta mayor cantidad de carbono en crecimiento y por tanto acumule menos almidon. Las concentracion de almidon en raiz y tallo de Q. ilex y Q. coccifera fue inversamente proporcional al nivel de fertilizacion. La concentracion de glucosa foliar mostro mayores concentraciones en las plantulas que experimentaron deficit hidrico. La especie que mas carbohidratos almaceno fue Q. faginea. Nuestro estudio sugiere, que el efecto de un incremento de aridez sobre el almacenamiento de carbohidratos depende, no solo de la especie, sino tambien de la fertilidad del suelo sobre el que se asiente.Trabajo presentado en el V Simposio Nacional sobre Control de la Degradacion y uso Sostenible del Suelo, celebrado en Murcia (Espana), del 27 al 30 de junio de 2011Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (Proyecto RESEL) y Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Proyecto REN2003-00381).Thesis submitted to the University of Castilla La Mancha by Silvia Diaz Fernandez in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.El presente trabajo comprende el diseno y procesamiento por colaje de suspensiones de sistemas multicapa basados en capas gruesas de alumina y capas finas de alumina-circona. Durante el enfriamiento desde la temperatura de sinterizacion se generan tensiones residuales en las capas debido a la expansion asociada a la transformacion martensitica de la circona. En esta investigacion se estudian los parametros de procesamiento para la fabricacion de estos sistemas laminados y se caracterizan microestructuralmente las capas que lo componen. Como resultado se obtienen multicapas ceramicas con diferente relacion de espesores entre capas adyacentes utilizando como metodo de control las cineticas de colaje de los correspondientes monoliticos. Adicionalmente, se determinan analiticamente las tensiones residuales generadas en los laminados por medio de las diferencias volumetricas determinadas en ensayos dilatometricos y del modulo elastico de cada capa. Se encuentra que en las capas delgadas se desarrollan elevadas tensiones de compresion mientras que en las gruesas se inducen tensiones residuales de traccion. El efecto de estas tensiones sobre la integridad mecanica del material se discute en terminos de las observaciones de fenomenos de fisuracion intrinseca: tanto de grietas de borde o ?edge cracks? en la superficie libre de las capas delgadas como de fisuras tunel o ?tunneling cracks? en las capas gruesas.Trabajo presentado en II EMBO Workshop on Cortical Interneurons in Health and Disease, celebrado en Costa d’en Blanes, Mallorca (Espana), del 24 al 27 de junio de 2012CBR systems solve problems by assessing their similarity with already solved problems (cases). Explanation of a CBR system prediction usually consists of showing the user the set of cases that are most similar to the current problem. Examining those retrieved cases the user can then assess whether the prediction is sensible. Using the notion of symbolic similarity, our proposal is to show the user a symbolic description that makes explicit what the new problem has in common with the retrieved cases. Specifically, we use the notion of anti-unification (least general generalization) to build symbolic similarity descriptions. We present an explanation scheme using anti-unification for CBR systems applied to classification tasks. This scheme focuses on symbolically describing what is shared between the current problem and the retrieved cases that belong to dierent classes. Examining these descriptions of symbolic similarities the user can assess which aspects are determining that a problem is classified one way or another. The paper exemplifies this proposal with an implemented application of the symbolic similarity scheme to the domain of predicting the carcinogenic activity of chemical compounds.Reseda sect. Glaucoreseda is a monophyletic group composed of five endemic tetraploid species with a disjunct distribution in the high mountains and plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. It was previously suggested that range shifts induced by Quaternary glaciations played an important role in the speciation of the group. We studied the evolution of R. sect. Glaucoreseda in order to infer historical range dynamics and speciation processes, and to understand current distributional patterns. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL-F and rps16 sequences. Cloning of additive ITS sequences was carried out to elucidate the origin of intra-individual polymorphisms. A dated phylogeny based on ITS and cpDNA (rbcL, matK, trnL-F) sequences was used to estimate divergence times of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Time estimates using Penalized Likelihood analyses indicate a late Pleistocene diversification of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms due to recent divergence, rather than rampant hybridisation, is suggested as the main cause of the phylogenetic incongruence detected between nuclear and plastid datasets. Our results support the vicariance hypothesis for population disjunctions in the Iberian Peninsula, in which an ancestral, widespread species could have undergone differentiation by Quaternary interglacial fragmentation. In contrast, long-distance dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar may have been involved in the colonisation of North African plateaus by R. battandieri.La informacion cuantitativa sobre la radiacion disponible en el sotobosque es crucial para la comprension de multitud de aspectos relacionados con la ecologia y dinamica del bosque. Dado que la gestion del bosque es en buena medida la gestion de la luz, la combinacion de estudios sobre ecofisiologia, heterogeneidad luminica, dinamica forestal y cambio global representa un punto de encuentro entre la ecologia y la gestion forestal, algo muy necesario en ecosistemas mediterraneos donde las incertidumbres son grandes y las predicciones poco optimistas. En este trabajo se presentan resultados sobre la heterogeneidad temporal y espacial de la luz en el sotobosque de diversas formaciones forestales ibericas (encinares, alcornocales, pinares, abedulares y hayedos). En general se observa que las formaciones mediterraneas tiene una mayor estructura espacial y una mayor heterogeneidad luminica que los bosques no mediterraneos, que la radiacion disponible bajo un dosel es inversamente proporcional a la tolerancia a la sombra de las especies arboreas que lo componen y que el numero de destellos de sol disminuye con la radiacion total que llega al sotobosque (i.e. los destellos se hacen largos e intensos). Las implicaciones de estos resultados se interpretan considerando la informacion disponible sobre las respuestas de las plantas a la combinacion de sombra y sequia, y sobre el papel de la heterogeneidad abiotica en la coexistencia de especies. Se propone que el cambio global conduce a un sotobosque mas oscuro y luminicamente homogeneo, lo cual unido al incremento de aridez ira dando lugar a bosques huecos, pobres en especies y con escasa capacidad de regeneracion natural.The Tufted(1) (Tft(1)) dominant mutation promotes the generation of ectopic bristles (macrochaetae) in the dorsal mesothorax of Drosophila. Here we show that Tft(1) corresponds to a gain-of-function allele of the proneural gene amos that is associated with a chromosomal aberration at 36F-37A. This causes ectopic expression of amos in large domains of the lateral-dorsal embryonic ectoderm, which results in supernumerary neurons of the PNS, and in the notum region of the third instar imaginal wing, which gives rise to the mesothoracic extra bristles. Revertants of Tft(1), which lack ectopic neurons and bristles, do not show ectopic expression of amos. One revertant is a loss-of-function allele of amos and has a recessive phenotype in the embryonic PNS. Our results suggest that both normal and ectopic Tft(1) bristles are generated following similar rules, and both are subjected to Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. The ability of Tft(1) bristles to appear close together may be due to amos having a stronger proneural capacity than that of other proneural genes like asense and scute. This ability might be related to the wild-type function of amos in promoting development of large clusters of closely spaced olfactory sensilla.Web tematica.-- Proposito: divulgativo.-- Estado del proyecto: finalizado.-- Fecha de la consulta: 2019-01-10.-- Los materiales contenidos en esta pagina web estan protegidos por el Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y legislacion conexa.Poster presentado a las II Jornadas del Grupo de Viticultura y Enologia (SECH), celebradas en Madrid el 3 y 4 de noviembre de 2016.