Caroline Harris
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Featured researches published by Caroline Harris.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes | 2010
Allan S. Felsot; John Unsworth; Jan Linders; Graham Roberts; Dirk Rautman; Caroline Harris; Elizabeth Carazo
During application of agrochemicals spray droplets can drift beyond the intended target to non-target receptors, including water, plants and animals. Factors affecting this spray drift include mode of application, droplet size, which can be modified by the nozzle types, formulation adjuvants, wind direction, wind speed, air stability, relative humidity, temperature and height of released spray relative to the crop canopy. The rate of fall of spray droplets depends upon the size of the droplets but is modified by entrainment in a mobile air mass and is also influenced by the rate of evaporation of the liquid constituting the aerosol. The longer the aerosol remains in the air before falling to the ground (or alternatively striking an object above ground) the greater the opportunity for it to be carried away from its intended target. In general, all size classes of droplets are capable of movement off target, but the smallest are likely to move the farthest before depositing on the ground or a non-target receptor. It is not possible to avoid spray drift completely but it can be minimized by using best-management practices. These include using appropriate nozzle types, shields, spray pressure, volumes per area sprayed, tractor speed and only spraying when climatic conditions are suitable. Field layout can also influence spray drift, whilst crop-free and spray-free buffer zones and windbreak crops can also have a mitigating effect. Various models are available to estimate the environmental exposure from spray drift at the time of application.
Pest Management Science | 2011
Gijs Kleter; John Unsworth; Caroline Harris
The global area covered with transgenic (genetically modified) crops has rapidly increased since their introduction in the mid-1990s. Most of these crops have been rendered herbicide resistant, for which it can be envisaged that the modification has an impact on the profile and level of herbicide residues within these crops. In this article, the four main categories of herbicide resistance, including resistance to acetolactate-synthase inhibitors, bromoxynil, glufosinate and glyphosate, are reviewed. The topics considered are the molecular mechanism underlying the herbicide resistance, the nature and levels of the residues formed and their impact on the residue definition and maximum residue limits (MRLs) defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and national authorities. No general conclusions can be drawn concerning the nature and level of residues, which has to be done on a case-by-case basis. International residue definitions and MRLs are still lacking for some herbicide-crop combinations, and harmonisation is therefore recommended.
Public Health Nutrition | 2006
Margaret Ashwell; Susan Barlow; Sigrid Gibson; Caroline Harris
OBJECTIVE The National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS) are a series of government-funded surveys of food intake, nutrient intake and nutritional status of individuals, undertaken to support nutritional policy and risk assessment. This paper summarises a review that considered the extent to which NDNS met the needs of users and suggested options for the future. The Food Standards Agency has since progressed favoured options. This paper aims to help others wishing to obtain this type of information within their own populations. DESIGN A detailed questionnaire was used to probe use of data and gather opinions from users, producers and managers of the NDNS. It asked about general information needs from NDNS and changes that might be made. This was followed by a two-day workshop which included discussion of the main issues and the generation of 19 possible future options for consideration by the Agency. RESULTS Options to improve effectiveness included methods to prioritise breadth and depth of coverage and possible ways of improving response and compliance. Strategies to make surveys more efficient and timely, such as adopting a rolling programme, disaggregating survey components, integrating with other studies and improving data access, were also suggested. A rolling programme, in which data are collected continuously, was the favoured option to address some of the concerns and a strategy is now in place to achieve this. CONCLUSIONS There is widespread support for the NDNS from its users. There is no alternative source for such high-quality data on food and nutrient consumption and nutritional status and physical measurements in the same individuals. Useful information, such as the potential value of using a rolling programme from the outset, can be gained from this British experience by others wishing to measure food and nutrient intakes and status in their own populations.
Pure and Applied Chemistry | 2003
D. J. Hamilton; Árpád Ambrus; Roland Dieterle; Allan S. Felsot; Caroline Harris; Patrick T. Holland; Arata Katayama; N. Kurihara; J. Linders; J. Unsworth; S.-S. Wong
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 2010
Arata Katayama; Raj Bhula; G. Richard Burns; Elizabeth Carazo; Allan S. Felsot; Denis Hamilton; Caroline Harris; Yong-Hwa Kim; Gijs Kleter; Werner Koedel; Jan Linders; J G M. Willie Peijnenburg; Aleksandar Sabljic; R. Gerald Stephenson; D. Kenneth Racke; Baruch Rubin; Keiji Tanaka; John Unsworth; R. Donald Wauchope
Pest Management Science | 2004
Denis Hamilton; Árpád Ambrus; Roland Dieterle; Allan S. Felsot; Caroline Harris; Barbara J. Petersen; Ken Racke; Sue Sun Wong; Roberto H. González; Keiji Tanaka; Mike Earl; Graham Roberts; Raj Bhula
Pest Management Science | 2007
Gijs Kleter; Raj Bhula; Kevin Bodnaruk; Elizabeth Carazo; Allan S. Felsot; Caroline Harris; Arata Katayama; Harry A. Kuiper; Kenneth D. Racke; Baruch Rubin; Yehuda Shevah; Gerald R. Stephenson; Keiji Tanaka; John Unsworth; R. Donald Wauchope; Sue-Sun Wong
Pest Management Science | 2008
Gijs Kleter; Caroline Harris; Gerry Stephenson; John Unsworth
Pest Management Science | 2004
Denis Hamilton; Árpád Ambrus; Roland Dieterle; Allan S. Felsot; Caroline Harris; Barbara J. Petersen; Kenneth D. Racke; Sue-Sun Wong; Roberto H. González; Keiji Tanaka; Mike Earl; Graham Roberts; Raj Bhula
Archive | 2004
Caroline Harris; Alan R. C. Hill