Caroline M. Van De Heyning

The role of multi-imaging modality in primary mitral regurgitation

Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) is the first cause of valvular regurgitation in Western countries. Echocardiography is the cornerstone for diagnosing MR and more specifically for establishing its aetiology and mechanism, for quantifying its severity, progression, and repercussion and for assessing the likelihood of successful of valve repair. Two-dimensional/three-dimensional transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography are the most widely used methods. Interest is growing for exercise echocardiography particularly in patients in whom symptoms do not correlate well with MR severity and for risk stratification. The experience of multi-slice computed tomography in primary MR is still limited. Conversely, cardiovascular magnetic resonance has gained progressive relevance and represents the alternative method of choice.

Late gadolinium enhancement CMR in primary mitral regurgitation.

The appropriate timing for surgery in severe asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation (MR) remains controversial. It has been shown that late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE CMR), which may identify myocardial fibrosis, is associated with a worse outcome in various cardiomyopathies. We sought to investigate the prevalence and significance of delayed enhancement in primary MR.

The importance of exercise echocardiography for clinical decision making in primary mitral regurgitation.

Primary mitral regurgitation is generally an insidious disease with late onset of symptoms. Current European and American guidelines recommend surgery in severe primary mitral regurgitation when symptoms, overt left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension or atrial fibrillation, occur. However, recent large studies reported an improved outcome in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation referred for early mitral valve repair despite the risk of operative mortality or mitral valve replacement. Moreover, primary mitral regurgitation appears to have an important dynamic character in up to one-third of patients. This article provides an overview of the incremental evidence of the ability of exercise echocardiography to assess the functional repercussions of mitral regurgitation and the identification of high-risk patients who might benefit from early referral for surgery.

Prospective study of tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with permanent leads in patients undergoing cardiac rhythm device implantation: Background, rationale, and design

Given the increasing numbers of cardiac device implantations worldwide, it is important to determine whether permanent endocardial leads across the tricuspid valve can promote tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Virtually all current data is retrospective, and indicates a signal of TR being increased after permanent lead implantation. However, the precise incidence of moderate or greater TR post-procedure, the exact mechanisms (mechanical, traumatic, functional), and the hemodynamic burden and clinical effects of this putative increase in TR, remain uncertain. We have therefore designed a multicenter, international, prospective study of 300 consecutive patients (recruitment completed, baseline data presented) who will undergo echocardiography and clinical assessment prior to, and at 1-year post device insertion. This prospective study will help determine whether cardiac device-associated TR is real, what are its potential mechanisms, and whether it has an important clinical impact on cardiac device patients.

Mechanism of Symptomatic Improvement After Percutaneous Therapy for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation: Resting and Exercise Hemodynamics.

Percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, California) is a promising technique to treat symptomatic severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients at high or prohibitive surgical risk. Large observational registries of patients treated with this device for

Left ventricular remodelling patterns after MitraClip implantation in patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation: mechanistic insights and prognostic implications

AIMS The effect of MitraClip implantation on left ventricular (LV) remodelling has been shown to be highly variable. The present study wants to assess patterns of LV remodelling and its relationship with outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS Serial echocardiography before, 1 and 6 months after MitraClip implantation was performed in 79 pts with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) (age 74 ± 10 years, New York Heart Association III/IV 80%, LV ejection fraction 38 ± 13%, logistic EuroSCORE 21 ± 15, and functional MR 81%). LV reverse/adverse remodelling was defined as a >15% decrease/>10% increase in LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), respectively. Patients were followed over a period of 32 ± 16 months with all-cause mortality as the primary endpoint. A sustained (6 month) reduction of MR ≤ 2 post-MitraClip implantation was observed in 83% of patients. The average decrease in LVEDV 6 months after intervention was 13% ± 16%. Reverse remodelling at 6 months occurred in 40 patients (51%), and adverse remodelling occurred in 6 patients (8%). Patients with adverse remodelling showed a 38% increase of LVEDV at 1 month vs. no early change in LVEDV in patients with reverse remodelling. During follow-up, a total of 25 patients (32%) died. Patients with adverse remodelling died more frequently than patients with reverse remodelling [67% vs. 27%, adjusted odds ratio of 5.6 (95% CI 1.5-21)]. CONCLUSION The majority of patients undergoing MitraClip implantation for severe MR showed LV reverse remodelling. However, there was a small group in whom afterload mismatch resulted in sustained adverse remodelling with subsequent high mortality.