Carolyn A. Weigelt

Involvement of DPP‐IV catalytic residues in enzyme–saxagliptin complex formation

The inhibition of DPP‐IV by saxagliptin has been proposed to occur through formation of a covalent but reversible complex. To evaluate further the mechanism of inhibition, we determined the X‐ray crystal structure of the DPP‐IV:saxagliptin complex. This structure reveals covalent attachment between S630 and the inhibitor nitrile carbon (C–O distance <1.3 Å). To investigate whether this serine addition is assisted by the catalytic His‐Asp dyad, we generated two mutants of DPP‐IV, S630A and H740Q, and assayed them for ability to bind inhibitor. DPP‐IVH740Q bound saxagliptin with an ∼1000‐fold reduction in affinity relative to DPP‐IVWT, while DPP‐IVS630A showed no evidence for binding inhibitor. An analog of saxagliptin lacking the nitrile group showed unchanged binding properties to the both mutant proteins, highlighting the essential role S630 and H740 play in covalent bond formation between S630 and saxagliptin. Further supporting mechanism‐based inhibition by saxagliptin, NMR spectra of enzyme–saxagliptin complexes revealed the presence of three downfield resonances with low fractionation factors characteristic of short and strong hydrogen bonds (SSHB). Comparison of the NMR spectra of various wild‐type and mutant DPP‐IV:ligand complexes enabled assignment of a resonance at ∼14 ppm to H740. Two additional DPP‐IV mutants, Y547F and Y547Q, generated to probe potential stabilization of the enzyme–inhibitor complex by this residue, did not show any differences in inhibitor binding either by ITC or NMR. Together with the previously published enzymatic data, the structural and binding data presented here strongly support a histidine‐assisted covalent bond formation between S630 hydroxyl oxygen and the nitrile group of saxagliptin.

2-Arylbenzoxazoles as novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors: optimization via array synthesis.

2-Arylbenzoxazole 5 was identified as a hit from a fluorescence-based high-throughput screen for CETP inhibitors. The synthesis and SAR investigation employing array synthesis of the A- and B-rings are described.

Loopholes and missing links in protein modeling.

This paper provides an unbiased comparison of four commercially available programs for loop sampling, Prime, Modeler, ICM, and Sybyl, each of which uses a different modeling protocol. The study assesses the quality of results and examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method. The set of loops to be modeled varied in length from 4–12 amino acids. The approaches used for loop modeling can be classified into two methodologies: ab initio loop generation (Modeler and Prime) and database searches (Sybyl and ICM). Comparison of the modeled loops to the native structures was used to determine the accuracy of each method. All of the protocols returned similar results for short loop lengths (four to six residues), but as loop length increased, the quality of the results varied among the programs. Prime generated loops with RMSDs <2.5 Å for loops up to 10 residues, while the other three methods met the 2.5 Å criteria at seven‐residue loops. Additionally, the ability of the software to utilize disulfide bonds and X‐ray crystal packing influenced the quality of the results. In the final analysis, the top‐ranking loop from each program was rarely the loop with the lowest RMSD with respect to the native template, revealing a weakness in all programs to correctly rank the modeled loops.

Synthesis, SAR, and atropisomerism of imidazolopyrimidine DPP4 inhibitors.

The synthesis and SAR of aminomethyl-substituted imidazolopyrimidine DPP4 inhibitors bearing varied pendant aryl groups is described. Compound 1, which exists as a separable mixture of non-interconvertible atropisomers was used as the starting point for investigation. The effects of substituent pattern and type as well as stereochemical effects on inhibitor potency are discussed.

7-Oxopyrrolopyridine-derived DPP4 inhibitors-mitigation of CYP and hERG liabilities via introduction of polar functionalities in the active site.

Design, synthesis, and SAR of 7-oxopyrrolopyridine-derived DPP4 inhibitors are described. The preferred stereochemistry of these atropisomeric biaryl analogs has been identified as Sa. Compound (+)-3t, with a K(i) against DPP4, DPP8, and DPP9 of 0.37 nM, 2.2, and 5.7 μM, respectively, showed a significant improvement in insulin response after single doses of 3 and 10 μmol/kg in ob/ob mice.

Discovery and SAR of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amines as potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors.

Aberrant Class I PI3K signaling is a key factor contributing to many immunological disorders and cancers. We have identified 4-amino pyrrolotriazine as a novel chemotype that selectively inhibits PI3Kδ signaling despite not binding to the specificity pocket of PI3Kδ isoform. Structure activity relationship (SAR) led to the identification of compound 30 that demonstrated efficacy in mouse Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and collagen induced arthritis (CIA) models.

Discovery of 7-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives as highly potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors

As demonstrated in preclinical animal models, the disruption of PI3Kδ expression or its activity leads to a decrease in inflammatory and immune responses. Therefore, inhibition of PI3Kδ may provide an alternative treatment for autoimmune diseases, such as RA, SLE, and respiratory ailments. Herein, we disclose the identification of 7-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine derivatives as highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable PI3Kδ inhibitors. The lead compound demonstrated efficacy in an in vivo mouse KLH model.

Closing the side-chain gap in protein loop modeling

The success of structure-based drug design relies on accurate protein modeling where one of the key issues is the modeling and refinement of loops. This study takes a critical look at modeled loops, determining the effect of re-sampling side-chains after the loop conformation has been generated. The results are evaluated in terms of backbone and side-chain conformations with respect to the native loop. While models can contain loops with high quality backbone conformations, the side-chain orientations could be poor, and therefore unsuitable for ligand docking and structure-based design. In this study, we report on the ability to model loop side-chains accurately using a variety of commercially available algorithms that include rotamer libraries, systematic torsion scans and knowledge-based methods.

Identification of highly potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitors

Selective PI3Kδ inhibitors have recently been hypothesized to be appropriate immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of immunological disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, few reports have highlighted molecules that are highly selective for PI3Kδ over the other PI3K isoforms. In this letter, isoform and kinome selective PI3Kδ inhibitors are presented. The Structural Activity Relationship leading to such molecules is outlined.

Identification of bicyclic hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol sulfonamides as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ/RORc) inverse agonists. Employing structure-based drug design to improve pregnane X receptor (PXR) selectivity

We disclose the optimization of a high throughput screening hit to yield benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. However, a majority of these compounds showed potent activity against pregnane X receptor (PXR) and modest activity against liver X receptor α (LXRα). Structure-based drug design (SBDD) led to the identification of benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamide analogs which completely dialed out LXRα activity and were less potent at PXR. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data for compound 35 in an IL-23 induced IL-17 mouse model is discussed along with the implications of a high Ymax in the PXR assay for long term preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.