Carolyn Sappideen

The electricity supply industry : shifting risk by outsourcing

Abstract Utilities as business enterprises seek to shift liability and risk by outsourcing work to contractors, and limiting liability in supply and distribution contracts. While these measures may be effective in most cases, they do not completely protect the utility. This article examines the situations where the utility will remain liable for injuries or damage caused by its contractors and where contractual limitation of liability clauses do not protect against liability.

In Vitro Fertilization — A general survey of the Issues

SummaryThe in vitro fertilization procedure has generated debate concerning its moral, social and legal ramifications. In the most straightforward case of a married couple unable to have children there is both legal and social acceptance of the in vitro fertilization procedure. There is, however, no consensus of views on such questions as whether single women should be allowed access to the procedure, or whether experimentation on unimplanted embryos, or surrogate motherhood, should be allowed. This article is intended to provide a general survey of the issues arising from the in vitro fertilization procedure.