Catherine Callanan

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight subjects and lung function in late adolescence.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to determine the relationship between lung function in late adolescence and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, to establish whether lung function changed more from earlier in childhood in those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and to assess the effect of different definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on respiratory outcome. METHODS. Subjects were composed of 147 survivors of birth weight <1500 g from the Royal Womens Hospital (Melbourne, Australia) born during 1977–1982 and who had lung function tests at a mean age of 18.9 years. Of the 147 subjects, 33 (22%) had bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the newborn period. Lung function was measured according to American Thoracic Society guidelines. RESULTS. All of the lung function variables reflecting airflow were substantially diminished in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group, but lung volumes were not significantly different. More subjects in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group had reductions in airflow in the clinically significant range (eg, forced expired volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio <75%; bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 42.4% [14 of 33]; and no bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 16.4% [18/114]). Results were not substantially affected after adjustment for confounding variables, including intrauterine growth restriction or birth weight. Compared with earlier in childhood, the forced expired volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio deteriorated more in bronchopulmonary dysplasia subjects between 8 and 18 years. Lung function results varied little with different definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS. Subjects of very low birth weight with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the newborn period have poorer lung function in late adolescence than those without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and their lung function may be deteriorating at a more rapid rate.

Cognition, academic progress, behavior and self-concept at 14 years of very low birth weight children.

The aim of this study was to compare cognition, academic progress, behavior, and self-concept children of very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight < 1501 g) born in the period 1980 to 1982 with randomly selected children of normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight > 2499 g). At 14 years of age, 130 (84.4%) of 154 VLBW and 42 (70.0%) of 60 NBW children were assessed. Ten VLBW children and one NBW child who had cerebral palsy were excluded. VLBW children scored at a significantly lower level on all three composite scales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd Edition. VLBW children were also significantly disadvantaged on more specific cognitive processes, including tests of visual processing and visual memory and on subtests reflecting learning and problem solving. Only in arithmetic was a difference between the groups discerned on tests of achievement. Significantly more VLBW children were rated by teachers as socially rejected and by their parents as having learning problems at school. VLBW children had significantly reduced self-esteem. VLBW children had more cognitive, academic, and behavioral problems and lower self-esteem at 14 years of age than NBW control subjects.

Birth weight <1501 g and respiratory health at age 14

AIMS To determine the respiratory health in adolescence of children of birth weight <1501 g, and to compare the results with normal birthweight controls. METHODS Prospective cohort study of children born in the Royal Womens Hospital, Melbourne. Two cohorts of preterm children (86 consecutive survivors 500–999 g birth weight, and 124 consecutive survivors 1000–1500 g birth weight) and a control group of 60 randomly selected children >2499 g birth weight were studied. Children were assessed at 14 years of age. A paediatrician determined the clinical respiratory status. Lung function was measured according to standard guidelines. RESULTS Of 180 preterm children seen at age 14, 42 (23%) had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in the newborn period. Readmission to hospital for respiratory ill health was infrequent in all groups and the rates of asthma were similar (15% in the 500–999 g birth weight group, 21% in the 1000–1500 g birth weight group, 21% in controls; 19% BPD, 18% no BPD). Overall, lung function was mostly within the normal range for all cohorts; few children had lung function abnormalities in clinically significant ranges. However, the preterm children had significantly lower values for variables reflecting flow. Lung function in children of 500–999 g birth weight was similar to children of 1000–1500 g birth weight. Preterm children with BPD had significantly lower values for variables reflecting flow than children without BPD. CONCLUSIONS The respiratory health of children of birth weight <1501 g at 14 years of age is comparable to that of term controls.

Children followed with difficulty: How do they differ?

Objective: To determine if very low birthweight children followed with ease differ in any perinatal or sociodemographic characteristics, or outcomes, compared with children followed with more difficulty.

Cognition, school performance, and behavior in very low birth weight and normal birth weight children at 8 years of age: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACT. Cognition, school performance, and behavior were assessed at 8 years of age in 132 very low birth weight (VLBW) children free of major sensorineural impairments, and the results were contrasted with a randomly selected control group of normal birth weight (NBW) children. Considering their fragile beginnings, the majority of VLBW children were developing normally and were reading and performing in most academic and social areas as well as the NBW children. However, VLBW children were significantly inferior to NBW children on tests of cognition, including tests of intelligence and visual memory, and on teachers reports of motor skills and initiative. In addition, proportionally more VLBW children (20.5%) than NBW children (5.9%) were reported by their parents to be not coping at school. J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:363–368, 1993. Index terms: very low birth weight, cognition, behavior.

Antenatal Corticosteroids and Outcome at 14 Years of Age in Children With Birth Weight Less Than 1501 Grams

Objective. To determine whether exposure to antenatal corticosteroid therapy was associated with adverse effects on growth, sensorineural outcome, or lung function of children of birth weight <1501 g at 14 years of age. Design. Cohort study. Setting. The Royal Womens Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Subjects. One hundred fifty-four consecutive survivors born from October 1, 1980 to March 31, 1982. Interventions. The mothers of 78 survivors (51%) had been given corticosteroids antenatally to accelerate fetal lung maturation. Treatment with antenatal corticosteroids was nonrandom. No mother received >1 course of corticosteroids. Outcome Measures. The children were assessed at 14 years of age, corrected for prematurity. All assessors were unaware of the exposure of the child to antenatal corticosteroids. The assessments included measurements of growth and neurological, cognitive, and lung function. Growth measurements were converted into zscores (standard deviation) for the appropriate age and gender. Results. Of the 154 survivors, 130 (84%) were assessed at 14 years of age. Overall, the children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids were significantly taller (height zscore; mean difference: .39; 95% confidence interval: .001–.79) and had better cognitive functioning (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition Full Scale; IQ mean difference: 6.2; 95% confidence interval: .8–11.6) than those not exposed to corticosteroids. There were no other differences in sensorineural outcomes between the groups. Lung function was not significantly different between the groups. No conclusions were altered by adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusions. Exposure to 1 course of antenatal corticosteroid therapy was associated with some clinically and statistically improved outcomes at 14 years of age in children of birth weight <1501 g, with no obvious adverse effects on growth or on sensorineural, cognitive, or lung function. corticosteroids, growth, cognitive, IQ, lung function, adolescence.

Extremely low birth weight and body size in early adulthood

Aims: To determine the body size of extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight 500–999 g) subjects in early adulthood. Methods: Cohort study examining the height and weight of 42 ELBW survivors free of cerebral palsy between birth and 20 years of age. Weight and height measurements were converted to Z (SD) scores. Results: At birth the subjects had weight Z scores substantially below zero (mean birth weight Z score −0.90, 95% CI −1.25 to −0.54), and had been lighter than average at ages 2, 5, and 8 years. However, by 14, and again at 20 years of age their weight Z scores were not significantly different from zero. At ages 2, 5, 8, 14, and 20 years of age their height Z scores were significantly below zero. Their height at 20 years of age was, however, consistent with their parents’ height. As a group they were relatively heavy for their height and their mean body mass index (BMI) Z score was almost significantly different from zero (mean difference 0.42, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.84). Their mean BMI (kg/m2) was 24.0 (SD 5.2); 14 had a BMI >25, and four had a BMI >30. Conclusions: Despite their early small size, by early adulthood the ELBW subjects had attained an average weight, and their height was consistent with their parents’ height. They were, however, relatively heavy for their height.

Survival, cranial ultrasound and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants: 1980s versus 1990s

Objective: To determine the changes in the rates of survival, cranial ultrasound abnormalities and cerebral palsy in very low birthweight (VLBW) (birthweight 500–1499 g) infants between the early 1980s and the early 1990s.

Auditory function at 14 years of age of very-low-birthweight children

The aim of the study was to determine audiological function at 14 years of age of very-low-birthweight (VLBW < or = 1500 g) children compared with a cohort of normal birthweight (NBW > 2499 g) children. Participants were consecutive surviving preterm children of birthweight < 1000 g born between 1977 and 1982 (n=86) and of birthweight 1000 to 1500 g born between 1980 and 1982 (n=124) and randomly selected NBW children born between 1981 and 1982 (n=60). Audiometric tests included pure tone audiometry, tympanometry, stapedius muscle reflexes, and measures of central auditory processing. Psychometric tests included measures of IQ, academic achievement, and behaviour. There were no significant differences in rates of hearing impairment, abnormal tympanograms, figure-ground problems, or digit recall between VLBW children and NBW control children. VLBW children had higher rates of some central auditory processing problems, which in turn were associated with poorer intellectual, academic, and behavioural progress.

Changes in lung function between age 8 and 14 years in children with birth weight of less than 1,501 g

We set out to determine whether lung function of children with a birth weight of <1,501 g changed relative to expectations between the ages of 8 and 14 years. We hypothesized that changes in lung function may differ between those of birth weight above and below 1,000 g. The subjects of this study were born in the Royal Womens Hospital, Melbourne. There were 86 consecutive survivors with birth weights <1,000 g born between January 1, 1977 and March 31, 1982, and 124 consecutive survivors with birth weights 1,000–1,500 g born between October 1, 1980 and March 31, 1982. Lung function was measured at both age 8 and 14 years, corrected for prematurity in 78% (67/86) of those with birth weight <1,000 g, and in 69% (86/124) of those with birth weight 1,000–1,500 g.