Catherine L. Smith

Multidisciplinary Approach to Management of Maternal Asthma (MAMMA): a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUNDnUncontrolled asthma during pregnancy is associated with maternal and perinatal hazards. A pharmacist-led intervention directed at improving maternal asthma control, involving multidisciplinary care, education, and regular monitoring to help reduce these risks, was developed and evaluated.nnnMETHODSnA randomized controlled trial was carried out in the antenatal clinics of two major Australian maternity hospitals. Sixty pregnant women < 20 weeks gestation who had used asthma medications in the previous year were recruited. Participants were randomized to either an intervention or a usual care group and followed prospectively throughout pregnancy. The primary outcome was Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score. Mean changes in ACQ scores from baseline were compared between groups at 3 and 6 months to evaluate intervention efficacy.nnnRESULTSnThe ACQ score in the intervention group (n = 29) decreased by a mean ± SD of 0.46 ± 1.05 at 3 months and 0.89 ± 0.98 at 6 months. The control group (n = 29) had a mean decrease of 0.15 ± 0.63 at 3 months and 0.18 ± 0.73 at 6 months. The difference between groups, adjusting for baseline, was -0.22 (95% CI, -0.54 to 0.10) at 3 months and -0.60 (95% CI, -0.85 to -0.36) at 6 months. The difference at 6 months was statistically significant (P < .001) and clinically significant (> 0.5). No asthma-related oral corticosteroid use, hospital admissions, emergency visits, or days off from work were reported during the trial.nnnCONCLUSIONSnA multidisciplinary model of care for asthma management involving education and regular monitoring could potentially improve maternal asthma outcomes and be widely implemented in clinical practice.nnnTRIAL REGISTRYnAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; No.: ACTRN12612000681853; URL: www.anzctr.org.au.

Original ResearchMultidisciplinary Approach to Management of Maternal Asthma (MAMMA): A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUNDnUncontrolled asthma during pregnancy is associated with maternal and perinatal hazards. A pharmacist-led intervention directed at improving maternal asthma control, involving multidisciplinary care, education, and regular monitoring to help reduce these risks, was developed and evaluated.nnnMETHODSnA randomized controlled trial was carried out in the antenatal clinics of two major Australian maternity hospitals. Sixty pregnant women < 20 weeks gestation who had used asthma medications in the previous year were recruited. Participants were randomized to either an intervention or a usual care group and followed prospectively throughout pregnancy. The primary outcome was Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score. Mean changes in ACQ scores from baseline were compared between groups at 3 and 6 months to evaluate intervention efficacy.nnnRESULTSnThe ACQ score in the intervention group (n = 29) decreased by a mean ± SD of 0.46 ± 1.05 at 3 months and 0.89 ± 0.98 at 6 months. The control group (n = 29) had a mean decrease of 0.15 ± 0.63 at 3 months and 0.18 ± 0.73 at 6 months. The difference between groups, adjusting for baseline, was -0.22 (95% CI, -0.54 to 0.10) at 3 months and -0.60 (95% CI, -0.85 to -0.36) at 6 months. The difference at 6 months was statistically significant (P < .001) and clinically significant (> 0.5). No asthma-related oral corticosteroid use, hospital admissions, emergency visits, or days off from work were reported during the trial.nnnCONCLUSIONSnA multidisciplinary model of care for asthma management involving education and regular monitoring could potentially improve maternal asthma outcomes and be widely implemented in clinical practice.nnnTRIAL REGISTRYnAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; No.: ACTRN12612000681853; URL: www.anzctr.org.au.

Procedure-specific Cardiac Surgeon Volume associated with Patient outcome following Valve Surgery, but not Isolated CABG Surgery

PURPOSEnTrends towards surgical sub-specialisation to improve patient-outcomes are well-documented and largely supported by evidence. However few studies have examined whether this benefit exists within adult-cardiac surgery. To answer whether sub-specialisation within adult-cardiac surgery improves patient-outcomes, this study assessed the relationship between procedure-specific and total-cardiac surgeon-volume and mortality and morbidity in cardiac-valve and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.nnnMETHODSnData came from the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) registry from 2001 to 2010 and included 23 hospitals, 109 surgeons, 20,619 patients with isolated-CABG-surgery and 11,536 patients with a valve-procedure. Hierarchical logistic regression using generalised estimating equations was used to analyse outcomes. Measures included operative-mortality and occurrence of a complication (deep sternal wound infection, new stroke, acute kidney injury).nnnRESULTSnCrude operative mortality (and complication rates) were 1.7% (4.9%) and 4% (11%) in the isolated-CABG and valve-surgical populations respectively. A greater procedure-specific surgeon volume was associated with reduced mortality and complication rates in valve-surgery but not isolated-CABG. There was a 33% decrease in odds of dying for every additional 50 valve procedures performed [OR 0.67, p=0.003]. Conversely, greater total-cardiac surgical volume for individual surgeons did not result in improved outcomes, for both isolated-CABG and valve populations.nnnCONCLUSIONSnOur finding of an association between increased valve-specific surgeon volumes with improved valve-surgery outcomes, and absence of an association between these outcomes and annual total-cardiac surgical experience supports the case for sub-specialisation specifically within the field of valve surgery.

A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial in Total Hip Arthroplasty—Comparing Early Results Between the Direct Anterior Approach and the Posterior Approach

BACKGROUNDnWe report a prospective randomized study comparing early clinical results between the direct anterior approach (DAA) and posterior approach (PA) in primary hip arthroplasty.nnnMETHODSnSurgeries were performed by 2 senior hip arthroplasty surgeons. Seventy-two patients with complete data were assessed preoperatively 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The primary outcomes were the Western Ontario McMasters Arthritis Index and Oxford Hip Scores. Secondary outcome measures included the EuroQoL, 10-meter walk test, and clinical and radiographic parameters.nnnRESULTSnData analyses showed no difference between DAA (nxa0= 35) and PA (nxa0= 37) groups when comparing total scores for primary outcomes. No significant differences were observed for 10-meter walk test, EuroQoL, and radiographic analyses. Subgroup analysis for surgeon 1 identified that the DAA group had shorter acute hospital stay, less postoperative opiate requirements, and smaller wounds. However, this was offset by increased operative time, higher intraoperative blood loss, and weaker hip flexion at 2 and 6 weeks. Subgroup analysis of items on the Western Ontario McMasters Arthritis Index and Oxford Hip Score identified that hip flexion activity favored the DAA group up to 6 weeks postoperatively. There was an 83% incidence of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh neuropraxia at the 12-week mark in the DAA group. No neuropraxias occurred in the PA group. One dislocation occurred in each group. A single patient from the DAA group required reoperation for leg-length discrepancy.nnnCONCLUSIONnDAA total hip arthroplasty (THA) has comparable results with PA THA. Choice of surgical approach for THA should be based on patient factors, surgeon preference, and experience.

Use of mobile and cordless phones and cognition in Australian primary school children: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundUse of mobile (MP) and cordless phones (CP) is common among young children, but whether the resulting radiofrequency exposure affects development of cognitive skills is not known. Small changes have been found in older children. This study focused on children’s exposures to MP and CP and cognitive development. The hypothesis was that children who used these phones would display differences in cognitive function compared to those who did not.MethodsWe recruited 619 fourth-grade students (8-11 years) from 37 schools around Melbourne and Wollongong, Australia. Participants completed a short questionnaire, a computerised cognitive test battery, and the Stroop colour-word test. Parents completed exposure questionnaires on their child’s behalf. Analysis used multiple linear regression. The principal exposure-metrics were the total number of reported MP and CP calls weekly categorised into no use (None); use less than or equal to the median amount (‘Some’); and use more than the median (‘More’). The median number of calls/week was 2.5 for MP and 2.0 for CP.ResultsMP and CP use for calls was low; and only 5 of 78 comparisons of phone use with cognitive measures were statistically significant. The reaction time to the response-inhibition task was slower in those who used an MP ‘More’ compared to the ‘Some’ use group and non-users. For CP use, the response time to the Stroop interference task was slower in the ‘More’ group versus the ‘Some’ group, and accuracy was worse in visual recognition and episodic memory tasks and the identification task. In an additional exploratory analysis, there was some evidence of a gender effect on mean reaction times. The highest users for both phone types were girls.ConclusionsOverall, there was little evidence cognitive function was associated with CP and MP use in this age group. Although there was some evidence that effects of MP and CP use on cognition may differ by gender, this needs further exploration. CP results may be more reliable as parents estimated children’s phone use and the CPs were at home; results for CP use were broadly consistent with our earlier study of older children.

Symptoms and lung function decline in a middle-aged cohort of males and females in Australia

Background The European Community Respiratory Health Survey is a major international study designed to assess lung health in adults. This Australian follow-up investigated changes in symptoms between sexes and the roles of asthma, smoking, age, sex, height, and change in body mass index (ΔBMI) on lung function decline (LFD), which is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods LFD was measured as the rate of decline over time in FEV1 (mL/year) (ΔFEV1) and FVC (ΔFVC) between 1993 and 2013. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate associations between risk factors and LFD, separately for males and females. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess sex differences and changes in respiratory symptoms over time. Results In Melbourne, 318 subjects (53.8% females) participated. The prevalence of most respiratory symptoms had either remained relatively stable over 20 years or decreased (significantly so for wheeze). The exception was shortness of breath after activity, which had increased. Among the 262 subjects who completed spirometry, current smoking declined from 20.2% to 7.3%. Overall mean (± standard deviation) FEV1 declined by 23.1 (±17.1) and FVC by 22.9 (±20.2) mL/year. Predictors of ΔFEV1 in males were age, maternal smoking, and baseline FEV1; and in females they were age, ΔBMI, baseline FEV1, and pack-years in current smokers. Decline in FVC was predicted by baseline FVC, age, and ΔBMI in both sexes; however, baseline FVC predicted steeper decline in females than males. Conclusion Most respiratory symptoms remained stable or decreased over time in both sexes. Age, baseline lung function, and change in BMI were associated with the rate of decline in both sexes. However, obesity and personal smoking appear to put females at higher risk of LFD than males. Health promotion campaigns should particularly target females to prevent COPD.

Specific interaction with the nuclear transporter importin α2 can modulate paraspeckle protein 1 delivery to nuclear paraspeckles

Paraspeckle protein 1 (PSPC1), a component of nuclear paraspeckles, is identified as an importin α2 (IMPα2) binding partner in mouse spermatogenic cells. PSPC1-IMPα2 binding modulates PSPC1 delivery to paraspeckles, highlighting the potential for regulated importin synthesis to direct RNA metabolism and cellular differentiation.

Use of mobile and cordless phones and change in cognitive function: a prospective cohort analysis of Australian primary school children

BackgroundSome previous studies have suggested an association between children’s use of mobile phones (MPs)/cordless phones (CPs) and development of cognitive function. We evaluated possible longitudinal associations between the use of MPs and CPs in a cohort of primary school children and effects on their cognitive function.MethodsData on children’s socio-demographics, use of MPs and CPs, and cognitive function were collected at baseline (2010–2012) and follow-up (2012–2013). Cognitive outcomes were evaluated with the CogHealth™ test battery and Stroop Color-Word test. The change in the number of MP/CP voice calls weekly from baseline to follow-up was dichotomized: “an increase in calls” or a “decrease/no change in calls”. Multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for confounders and clustering by school, were performed to evaluate the associations between the change in cognitive outcomes and change in MP and CP exposures.ResultsOf 412 children, a larger proportion of them used a CP (76% at baseline and follow-up), compared to a MP (31% at baseline and 43% at follow-up). Of 26 comparisons of changes in cognitive outcomes, four demonstrated significant associations. The increase in MP usage was associated with larger reduction in response time for response inhibition, smaller reduction in the number of total errors for spatial problem solving and larger increase in response time for a Stroop interference task. Except for the smaller reduction in detection task accuracy, the increase in CP usage had no effect on the changes in cognitive outcomes.ConclusionOur study shows that a larger proportion of children used CPs compared to MPs. We found limited evidence that change in the use of MPs or CPs in primary school children was associated with change in cognitive function.

Associations of atopy and asthma during aging of an adult population over a 20-year follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective: Atopy is associated with asthma, but cross-sectional studies suggest this association may be weaker in older adults. It remains unclear if atopy predicts asthma later in adult life. We aimed to investigate whether atopy in young adults predicted asthma 20 years later and to quantify the contemporaneous relationship of atopy and asthma as adults age. Methods: Participants of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) in Melbourne aged 20–44 years were followed for 20 years and completed questionnaires, skin prick tests (SPT) and allergen specific immunoglobulin E measurement at a baseline and two subsequent surveys. Using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations, we tested if atopy at baseline predicted current asthma later in life and estimated the association between current atopy measured at each survey and current asthma, while adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The analysis included 220 participants: 50.9% male. Mean (SD) age at baseline was 35.7 (5.7) years. Asthma and atopy prevalence remained stable over 20 years. Baseline atopy (SPT) was associated with current asthma (OR 9.74, 95%CI 4.22, 22.5) over 20 years, and current atopy (SPT) with concurrent asthma (3.12; 1.70, 5.74). Conclusions: Atopy remains strongly associated with current asthma in 40 to 64 year-old adults, both prospectively and contemporaneously, but the prospective association is stronger.