Catherine Michaud

Financing of global health: tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007

BACKGROUND The need for timely and reliable information about global health resource flows to low-income and middle-income countries is widely recognised. We aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2007. METHODS We defined DAH as all flows for health from public and private institutions whose primary purpose is to provide development assistance to low-income and middle-income countries. We used several data sources to measure the yearly volume of DAH in 2007 US

The Global Burden of Skin Disease in 2010: An Analysis of the Prevalence and Impact of Skin Conditions

, and created an integrated project database to examine the composition of this assistance by recipient country. FINDINGS DAH grew from

GBD 2010: a multi-investigator collaboration for global comparative descriptive epidemiology

5.6 billion in 1990 to

The Global Health System: Actors, Norms, and Expectations in Transition

21.8 billion in 2007. The proportion of DAH channelled via UN agencies and development banks decreased from 1990 to 2007, whereas the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), and non-governmental organisations became the conduit for an increasing share of DAH. DAH has risen sharply since 2002 because of increases in public funding, especially from the USA, and on the private side, from increased philanthropic donations and in-kind contributions from corporate donors. Of the

Effect of the global alliance for vaccines and immunisation on diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage : an independent assessment

13.8 [corrected] billion DAH in 2007 for which project-level information was available,

Absorptive capacity and disbursements by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: analysis of grant implementation

4.9 [corrected] billion was for HIV/AIDS, compared with

Transformation of the education of health professionals in China: progress and challenges

0.6 [corrected] billion for tuberculosis,

The burden of disease in Maputo City, Mozambique: registered and autopsied deaths in 1994

0.7 [corrected] billion for malaria, and

The Global Health System: Linking Knowledge with Action—Learning from Malaria

0.9 billion for health-sector support. Total DAH received by low-income and middle-income countries was positively correlated with burden of disease, whereas per head DAH was negatively correlated with per head gross domestic product. INTERPRETATION This study documents the substantial rise of resources for global health in recent years. Although the rise in DAH has resulted in increased funds for HIV/AIDS, other areas of global health have also expanded. The influx of funds has been accompanied by major changes in the institutional landscape of global health, with global health initiatives such as the Global Fund and GAVI having a central role in mobilising and channelling global health funds. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The Global Health System: Lessons for a Stronger Institutional Framework

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2010 estimated the GBD attributable to 15 categories of skin disease from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries. For each of the following diseases, we performed systematic literature reviews and analyzed resulting data: eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, pruritus, alopecia areata, decubitus ulcer, urticaria, scabies, fungal skin diseases, impetigo, abscess, and other bacterial skin diseases, cellulitis, viral warts, molluscum contagiosum, and non-melanoma skin cancer. We used disability estimates to determine nonfatal burden. Three skin conditions, fungal skin diseases, other skin and subcutaneous diseases, and acne were in the top 10 most prevalent diseases worldwide in 2010, and eight fell into the top 50; these additional five skin problems were pruritus, eczema, impetigo, scabies, and molluscum contagiosum. Collectively, skin conditions ranged from the 2nd to 11th leading cause of years lived with disability at the country level. At the global level, skin conditions were the fourth leading cause of nonfatal disease burden. Using more data than has been used previously, the burden due to these diseases is enormous in both high- and low-income countries. These results argue strongly to include skin disease prevention and treatment in future global health strategies as a matter of urgency.