Catherine Oiry

Chicoric Acid Is an Antioxidant Molecule That Stimulates AMP Kinase Pathway in L6 Myotubes and Extends Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chicoric acid (CA) is a caffeoyl derivative previously described as having potential anti-diabetic properties. As similarities in cellular mechanism similarities between diabetes and aging have been shown, we explored on L6 myotubes the effect of CA on the modulation of intracellular pathways involved in diabetes and aging. We also determined its influence on lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans worm (C. elegans). In L6 myotubes, CA was a potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, reducing ROS accumulation under basal as well as oxidative stress conditions. CA also stimulated the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway and displayed various features associated with AMPK activation: CA (a) enhanced oxidative enzymatic defences through increase in glutathion peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, (b) favoured mitochondria protection against oxidative damage through up-regulation of MnSOD protein expression, (c) increased mitochondrial biogenesis as suggested by increases in complex II and citrate synthase activities, along with up-regulation of PGC-1α mRNA expression and (d) inhibited the insulin/Akt/mTOR pathway. As AMPK stimulators (e.g. the anti-diabetic agent meformin or polyphenols such as epigallocatechingallate or quercetin) were shown to extend lifespan in C. elegans, we also determined the effect of CA on the same model. A concentration-dependant lifespan extension was observed with CA (5–100 μM). These data indicate that CA is a potent antioxidant compound activating the AMPK pathway in L6 myotubes. Similarly to other AMPK stimulators, CA is able to extend C. elegans lifespan, an effect measurable even at the micromolar range. Future studies will explore CA molecular targets and give new insights about its possible effects on metabolic and aging-related diseases.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of urolithin C in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Urolithins are microflora human metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives. There is now a growing interest in the biological activities of these compounds. Several studies suggest that urolithins have potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-glycative activities. Recently, our group investigated the role of urolithins as potential anti-diabetic treatments; among the four urolithins, urolithin C was the most promising compound. The purpose of this paper was to develop a rapid, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of urolithin C in rat plasma. To date, no method is reported for the quantification of urolithin C in any of the matrices. Plasma samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. Urolithin D was selected as the internal standard. The separation was carried out on a C18 Kinetex EVO column (2.1mm×150mm, 2.6μm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-1% aqueous formic acid solution (30:70, v/v). A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the negative ion mode was used for the determination of the target analyte. The monitored ion transitions were m/z 243→187 for urolithin C and m/z 259→213 for the internal standard. The calibration curve range was 4.95-1085μg/L (r2>0.994). The intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 10%; accuracies ranged from 96.6 to 109%. The mean extraction recovery of urolithins C and D was greater than 91%. No significant matrix effects and no carryover effects were observed. Small changes in LC-ESI-MS/MS conditions did not have significant effect on the determination of urolithin C. Stability tests under various conditions were also investigated. This highly specific and sensitive method was used to analyze samples collected during preclinical pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Glucuronyl and sulfate conjugates of urolithin C were the main metabolites detected in plasma.

Protection of pancreatic β-cell function by dietary polyphenols

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder and is considered a fast-growing global health problem. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents the majority of total diabetes prevalence and β-cell dysfunction has been described as a crucial point for this disease development and progression. To date, all of the common anti-hyperglycaemic drugs used for diabetes management cause undesirable side effects or problems with long-term efficacy or safety and the development of alternative approaches for the prevention as well as for the treatment of T2D might be a valuable solution to meet this rising demand. In this regards, numerous epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to certain polyphenol compounds is associated with the prevention of chronic diseases, including diabetes. Here, we review growing evidence suggesting that polyphenols can modulate the activity of various molecular targets, which are known to control β-cell function, involved in the development and the progression of this diabetes. The protective effects of polyphenols on β-cell function is reported with a particular focus on the mechanism of action behind polyphenol putative bioactivity. Animal and in vitro studies selected in this review, reporting about both flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds, highlight the direct action of polyphenols on pancreatic β-cells, stimulating insulin secretion through the activation of specific cellular targets and protecting these cells from damages mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation, both typically elevated in diabetes. Some of the reviewed studies describe polyphenol effects comparable to those exerted by many drugs commonly used in diabetes treatment, and, in some occasions, synergistic polyphenol-drug interactions. Finally, future studies need to be addressed to the effects of specific polyphenol human and microbial metabolites, which are still poorly studied, in order to better define the preventive and therapeutic approach to contrast β-cell failure and diabetes progression.

A Total Red Wine Polyphenolic Extract Prevents a Pathological Phenotype Manifested on Cardiomyocytes Isolated from Rats with Nutritionally-induced Metabolic Syndrome

Isolated cardiomyocyte contractility was explored in a model of metabolic syndrome (the fructose-fed rat) and the effect of a treatment by a total red wine polyphenolic extract (RWPE) determined. Fructose-enriched diet impaired cardiomyocyte maximal shortening and velocities of contraction and relaxation, while RWPE was able to prevent those changes. Those studies suggest that red wine polyphenols are able to prevent the development of a cardiac phenotype commonly observed at an early stage of heart failure.

P76 La correction rapide de l’hyperglycémie chronique par l’insuline réduit l’expression d’une sous-unité de la NADPH oxydase chez le diabétique de type 2

Introduction L’hyperglycemie chronique induit un stress oxydant implique dans la pathogenie des complications vasculaires du diabete. Nos objectifs etaient d’analyser, chez des patients diabetiques de type 2 (DT2) mal controles sous antidiabetiques oraux (ADO), l’expression d’une enzyme cle du stress oxydant, la NADPH oxydase (NADPHox), et sa regulation apres correction rapide de l’hyperglycemie. Materiels et Methodes L’expression des transcrits de deux sous-unites de la NADPHox, p22 phox (membranaire) et p47 phox (cytosolique), a ete etudiee par Q-PCR (Lightcycler-Roche) dans des monocytes isoles de patients non diabetiques (ND, n = 6), DT2 controles sous ADO (C, n = 6) et DT2 non controles sous ADO (NC, n = 12). Dans ce dernier groupe, l’expression a ete evaluee avant (J0) et apres trois jours (J3) d’insulinotherapie IV normalisant la glycemie. L’expression des transcrits a ete normalisee par la β-2-microglobuline. Resultats Les patients des groupes C et NC sont âges de 56,4 ± 7,9 et 64,0 ± 4,5 ans, ont un DT2 connu depuis 8,3 ± 2,9 et 9,1 ± 3,3 ans et presentent une HbA1c de 7,1 ± 0,4 % et 10,26 ± 1,0 %, respectivement. Dans les monocytes, les niveaux d’expression de la p47 phox sont : 2,14 ± 0,83 (ND) ; 2,57 ± 1,16 (C) ; 3,52 ± 1,86 (NC, J0). Nous observons une tendance a l’augmentation non significative de l’expression de la p47 phox dans le groupe NC a J0 vs . ND et C. En revanche, pour la p22 phox , aucune difference d’expression n’est constatee entre les groupes. Dans le groupe NC, apres normalisation des glycemies (J3), nous observons une diminution significative de l’expression de la p47 phox : 2,57 ± 1,58 vs . 3,52 ± 1,86 (p phox . Conclusion Nos resultats montrent une tendance a l’augmentation de l’expression de la p47 phox de la NADPHox chez des patients DT2 en hyperglycemie chronique et une diminution significative de cette expression lors de la correction rapide de l’hyperglycemie par une insulinotherapie IV. Ces variations d’expression, a confirmer dans des populations plus importantes, sont en faveur de la gluco-dependance du stress oxydant dans le DT2, et suggerent la possibilite de sa suppression rapide lors de la correction glycemique par l’insuline.

P55 Effet protecteur de la Quercétine sur la viabilité et la fonctionnalité de la cellule bêta pancréatique lors de l’induction d’un stress oxydant

Introduction Le stress oxydant joue un role preponderant dans l’apparition du diabete de type 2. La cellule beta pancreatique est particulierement sensible au stress oxydant car elle n’exprime que faiblement les enzymes de detoxification. Ainsi, l’augmentation des ROS pourrait constituer un facteur inducteur d’alterations precoces dans cette cellule. Par consequent, le traitement par des molecules anti-oxydantes pourrait proteger la cellule beta des agressions oxydantes et constituerait ainsi une nouvelle approche pharmacologique dans la prevention du diabete de type 2. L’objectif de notre travail a ete d’etudier les effets protecteurs de deux molecules polyphenoliques de familles differentes, la Quercetine et le Resveratrol, sur la viabilite et la fonctionnalite de la cellule beta, lors d’un stress oxydant induit de facon exogene. Materiels et methodes Des cellules INS-1 insulinosecretrices ont ete incubees en presence d’H2O2 avec ou sans N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Quercetine ou Resveratrol. La viabilite et la fonctionnalite ont ete evaluees apres 60 minutes d’incubation par la technique du MTT et la mesure de secretion d’insuline induite par le glucose (8,3 mM). La phosphorylation des proteines kinases ERK1/2, impliquees dans la fonctionnalite de la cellule beta, a ete determinee par Western Blot apres 5 mn d’incubation. Resultats H2O2 inhibe la viabilite cellulaire et la secretion d’insuline induite par le glucose de facon dose-dependante (CI50≈50 μm). La Quercetine (20 μM) previent totalement l’alteration de la viabilite et partiellement l’alteration de la fonctionnalite induites par 50 μM H2O2, alors que le Resveratrol (20 μM) et la NAC (0,1 mM) sont sans effet. La phosphorylation de ERK1/2, apres traitement par 0,5 mM H2O2, est fortement diminuee par l’inhibiteur specifique de la voie ERK1/2 (U0126). La Quercetine (20 μM) diminue la phosphorylation de ERK1/2 alors que le Resveratrol (20 μM) est sans effet. Conclusion Un stress oxydant exogene altere la viabilite et la fonctionnalite de la cellule beta pancreatique. Contrairement au Resveratrol (stilbene), la Quercetine (flavonoide) previent ces alterations. Les effets de la Quercetine s’accompagnent d’une modulation de la voie ERK1/2.