Catherine Souty-Grosset

Mitochondrial DNA variation and markers of species identity in two penaeid shrimp species: Penaeus monodon Fabricius and P. japonicus Bate

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA of three laboratory strains of Penaeus monodon from Malaysia, Australia and Fiji and one farm population of P. japonicus were analysed. The molecule size of the mtDNA of the two penaeid species was similar and close to 16 000 base pairs. The polymerase chain reaction method provided molecular markers of species identity which showed a high interspecific diversity. According to RFLP data in P. monodon, a genetic divergence of 1.68% was found between the Fiji strain and the Australia/Malaysia strains. This result yielded new genetic data about the Indo-West Pacific biogeographical region. A restriction map of the mtDNA of the Fiji strain was established and the small ribosomal subunit gene region was located. The farm population of P. japonicus was structured but, because its parental origin was unkown, it was not possible to determine intraspecific variation.

Widespread Wolbachia infection in terrestrial isopods and other crustaceans

Abstract Wolbachia bacteria are obligate intracellular alpha-Proteobacteria of arthropods and nematodes. Although widespread among isopod crustaceans, they have seldom been found in non-isopod crustacean species. Here, we report Wolbachia infection in fourteen new crustacean species. Our results extend the range of Wolbachia infections in terrestrial isopods and amphipods (class Malacostraca). We report the occurrence of two different Wolbachia strains in two host species (a terrestrial isopod and an amphipod). Moreover, the discovery of Wolbachia in the goose barnacle Lepas anatifera (subclass Thecostraca) establishes Wolbachia infection in class Maxillopoda. The new bacterial strains are closely related to B-supergroup Wolbachia strains previously reported from crustacean hosts. Our results suggest that Wolbachia infection may be much more widespread in crustaceans than previously thought. The presence of related Wolbachia strains in highly divergent crustacean hosts suggests that Wolbachia endosymbionts can naturally adapt to a wide range of crustacean hosts. Given the ability of isopod Wolbachia strains to induce feminization of genetic males or cytoplasmic incompatibility, we speculate that manipulation of crustacean-borne Wolbachia bacteria might represent potential tools for controlling crustacean species of commercial interest and crustacean or insect disease vectors.

Mitochondrial DNA variation and population genetic structure of the white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes

Here we report a high level of mtDNA variationfrom RFLP analysis within A. p. pallipes from 21 French and 4British populations. Seventeen haplotypes were recorded among 269individuals. Nucleotide sequence divergence (p) among mtDNAhaplotypes ranged from 0.0019 to 0.0425. Nucleotide diversity (π)ranged from 0.01 to 0.006 (mean = 0.0031) and from 0 to 0.001(mean = 0.00037) for populations located in southern and northernFrance, respectively. Graphical representation from principalcoordinate analysis based on Neis genetic distance values amongpopulations showed two groups, cluster A, including the 16populations sampled in the north-western and north-easternFrance, England and Wales and cluster B containing 9 populationssampled in the central and southern of France. No geneticdifferences were noted among the most northern French and Englishpopulations whereas marked interpopulation genetic diversity wasobserved in southern populations. Such genetic heterogeneityamong populations of A. p. pallipes appears to be related tohabitat fragmentation and subsequent recolonizations fromrefugial areas during the Pleistocene. Implications for theconservation of A. p. pallipes are discussed.

Management of freshwater biodiversity : crayfish as bioindicators

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: biodiversity in freshwater systems, and the key role played by crayfish Part I. The Present Situation of Crayfish in World Freshwater Ecosystems: 1. Crayfish in the decapod lineage, their natural distribution and their threatened status Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset and Keith Crandall 2. Why are crayfish, among freshwater decapods, considered pivotal in freshwater ecosystems? Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset and Alastair Richardson 3. Crayfish as prime players in ecosystems: life history strategies Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset and Alastair Richardson 4. Human-mediated threats to crayfish survival: environmental degradation, climate change and translocations Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset and Francesca Gherardi 5. Crayfish exploitation systems: harvest fisheries, aquaculture and consequences for biodiversity Part II. Applying Science to Conservation Management: Section 1. Protecting Freshwater Biodiversity Through Monitoring and Conserving Crayfish: 6. Understanding and managing biodiversity using crayfish 7. Monitoring in conservation and management of indigenous crayfish populations Section 2. Management for Conservation: 8. Control and management of non-indigenous crayfish Julian Reynolds, Catherine Souty-Grosset and Francesca Gherardi 9. Biodiversity management through the reintroduction of heritage crayfish species Part III. Knowledge Transfer for Successful Crayfish Management: 10. Effective legislation and public education are required for adequate conservation of crayfish and biodiversity 11. Management strategies to protect crayfish and biodiversity 12. Maintaining biological diversity and human well-being Appendices References Glossary Index.

Population genetic structure of the endangered freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes, assessed using RAPD markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed to characterize the genetic diversity of Austropotamobius pallipes, a threatened freshwater crayfish native to Europe. Four decamer primers which generated six unambiguous polymorphic bands were used to analyse crayfish from 21 populations sampled in the major part of its range. Genetic diversity within populations of A. pallipes, estimated by Shannon’s diversity index, ranged from 0 to 0.446 with a mean of 0.159. A UPGMA dendrogram constructed from pairwise ΦST values between populations, revealed three clusters corresponding to populations sampled in the southern, northwestern and eastern part of its range. AMOVA analysis revealed a high genetic structure of A. pallipes populations ΦST=0.814, with 73.11% of the genetic variation distributed between these clusters. It suggests a historical geographical separation of these groups into three refugial areas, probably in the Rhine, Mediterranean and Atlantic basins during recent glaciations. The close genetic relationships between English and western French populations are in accordance with a natural postglacial origin of English populations from individuals having survived in an Atlantic refugium. However, the present results suggest that the Irish stock originated from a human translocation of individuals from an Atlantic refugium.

Drastic bottlenecks in the endangered crayfish species Austropotamobius pallipes in Spain and implications for its colonization history

Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was surveyed, using restriction endonucleases, in the white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes lusitanicus, from 14 populations sampled in Spain. Four additional samples from France (1), Slovenia (1) and Italy (2) were also analysed. Among the 11 haplotypes listed, only one was detected from the 154 animals sampled from Spanish populations. This haplotype was also recorded in the Fosso di Ferfereta population (Italy). Estimates of nucleotide sequence divergence among haplotypes ranged from 0.45% to 17.4%. Interpopulational genetic relationships showed that Spanish populations were closely related to those of Fosso di Ferfereta with a small genetic distance (0.0003) found between them. AMOVA revealed that most of the genetic variance (71.97%) was attributed to variation between European regions. These results are in accordance with a drastic bottleneck event during the history of the Spanish populations. Four suggestions, based on human introduction, selection and recent or ancient historical events are discussed in relation to the lack of genetic variation in the Spanish crayfish stock.

Origin and colonization history of the white-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, in Ireland.

The presence of the white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes complex in Ireland is suspected to be a result of human translocations. Two hypotheses have been formulated about the origin of the crayfish: from British populations or from western French populations. In order to resolve this question, nine Irish crayfish populations (a total of 124 individuals) were sampled along a south–north cline and investigated by combining two molecular markers: mtDNA and RAPDs. The mtDNA marker, analysed by RFLP on the entire molecule, showed an absence of polymorphism within and among Irish populations. The RFLP haplotype found in Irish populations was only recorded in western French populations and was different from those found in English populations. This result may be explained by a human introduction of crayfish to Ireland from western French populations. RAPD analysis showed a clinal reduction of genetic variability within Irish populations from south to north, associated with an increase in their genetic differentiation. A stepwise model of translocation from the south to the north of Ireland is proposed and discussed.

Seasonal Reproduction in the Terrestrial Isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille): Geographical Variability and Genetic Control of the Response to Photoperiod and Temperature

Summary Armadillidium vulgare females of ten geographical origins were reared under various photoperiodic regimes. Long days stimulated reproduction in all the strains, but, whatever the conditions, females originating from high latitudes began to breed later than ones from low latitudes and, under natural photoperiod of Poitiers, the lag time was increased, more or less linearly, by 2 days per degree of latitude. The ability to remain in reproduction, after a first brood, was also related to the latitudinal origin of the strain. The onset of reproduction in the Sucre strain (Bolivia) was very late in respect to the latitude of the original site; the high altitude of Sucre may explain the divergence from the common rule. Reproduction characteristics of each strain persist in the females born and reared in the laboratory for several generations. This stability makes it possible to study the genetic determination of the photoperiodic responses. One genie system probably controls induction and maintenance of...

Growth and metal accumulation in Porcellio scaber exposed to poplar litter from Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated sites

This study aimed at determining, in the laboratory, the effects of poplar litter collected in woody habitats contaminated by heavy metals on growth and metal accumulation in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Cd, Pb, and Zn pseudototal and CaCl(2)-extractable concentrations in litter types were determined using AAS. Juveniles were fed ad libitum, individually, for 28 days with four litter types presenting an increasing gradient of metal contamination. Individuals were weighed every week and metal body burdens were determined at the end of the experiment. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in P. scaber growth related to the increase of metal concentration in litter types was recorded. Significant correlations were observed between metal body burdens and metal concentrations in litter types. However, Cd accumulation in woodlice appeared to be related to the Cd/Zn concentration ratio in litter types. All these results showed the potential of weight gain in P. scaber as a suitable indicator for litter quality assessment with ecological relevance.

[Morphometry, Sexual Dimorphism and Size At Maturity of the White-Clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes Pallipes (Lereboullet) From a Wild French Population At Deux-Sèvres (Decapoda, Astacidea), Morphometry, Sexual Dimorphism and Size At Maturity of the White-Clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes Pallipes (Lereboullet) From a Wild French Population At Deux-Sèvres (Decapoda, Astacidea)]

This paper describes patterns of sex and size dimorphism and allometric growth in a French population of the native crayfish species, Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes. The threatened status of this species shows the necessity to establish a suitable management to protect it. An efficient management requires an increase in our knowledge about existing populations. By using allometric relationships, we characterized the size at the onset of sexual maturity in both sexes and evaluated sexual dimorphism in this population. The size at the onset of sexual maturity appeared to be different in both sexes (20.1 mm POL in males and 18.17 mm POL in females). The sexual dimorphism, shown by the variables of claw length and abdominal width, was not closely related to the puberal moult. The growth rates of this population were very different from those shown by other European populations. Discriminant analysis was performed on the data, but it did not separate the juveniles of both sexes. This study provides fundamental results concerning the relative growth of A. pallipes which could be used to compare several French populations in the future.