Cathie Hammond

The contribution of adult learning to health and social capital

This research uses the National Child Development Study to investigate the effects of adult learning upon 12 outcomes that act as proxies for health and social capital. To minimise selection bias we consider changes in outcomes rather than levels. We find that adult learning plays an important role in contributing to the small shifts in attitudes and behaviours that take place during mid‐adulthood. The results hold as controls are added for demographic, educational and other background factors, as well as for changes in life circumstances during mid‐adulthood. It is therefore very likely that there are substantive and genuine effects of adult learning. However, we do not suggest a purely one‐way causal relationship. Evidence from additional analyses suggests rather that participation in adult learning is a very important element in positive cycles of development and progression.

Impacts of lifelong learning upon emotional resilience, psychological and mental health: fieldwork evidence

This paper presents findings from a fieldwork study concerning the impacts of learning upon health. In‐depth biographical interviews were conducted with 145 adults about the effects of learning throughout their lives. In addition, 12 group interviews were conducted with practitioners about their perceptions of the effects of learning upon their students.Participation in lifelong learning had effects upon a range of health outcomes; well‐being, protection and recovery from mental health difficulties, and the capacity to cope with potentially stress‐inducing circumstances including the onset and progression of chronic illness and disability. These effects were mediated by relatively immediate impacts of learning upon psychosocial qualities; self‐esteem, self‐efficacy, a sense of purpose and hope, competences, and social integration. Learning developed these psychosocial qualities through extending boundaries, a process which is quintessential to learning.However, not all educational experiences had positive effects upon health outcomes. Provision that generated positive health outcomes matched the interests, strengths and needs of the learner. Provision differed in terms of levels of support and challenge, the type and mix of students, and level and content. The interests, strengths and needs of each learner were unique and determined by their background and current circumstances, which include the stage in their life course when they participate in learning.This paper presents findings from a fieldwork study concerning the impacts of learning upon health. In‐depth biographical interviews were conducted with 145 adults about the effects of learning throughout their lives. In addition, 12 group interviews were conducted with practitioners about their perceptions of the effects of learning upon their students.Participation in lifelong learning had effects upon a range of health outcomes; well‐being, protection and recovery from mental health difficulties, and the capacity to cope with potentially stress‐inducing circumstances including the onset and progression of chronic illness and disability. These effects were mediated by relatively immediate impacts of learning upon psychosocial qualities; self‐esteem, self‐efficacy, a sense of purpose and hope, competences, and social integration. Learning developed these psychosocial qualities through extending boundaries, a process which is quintessential to learning.However, not all educational experiences had positive...

What is it about education that makes us healthy? Exploring the education-health connection

Reviews of the evidence conclude that correlations exist between measures of education and physical health and that a substantial element of this correlation results from the effects of learning upon health. Closer examination reveals that the correlations between education and health change across levels of education, and depend upon when during the life course education is experienced, the type of health condition and the national context. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these variations with a view to developing fuller understanding of the mechanisms through which learning affects physical and psychological health. Such an understanding throws light upon the importance of context in relation to the impacts of education upon health.

The motivations and outcomes of studying for part-time mature students in higher education

This paper examines the motivations and outcomes for mature students who study part-time in higher education (HE) in the UK. Although many students in HE are mature part-time learners, they have not been the specific focus of much research or policy interest. In-depth narrative interviews were carried out with 18 graduates who had studied part-time at a university college specialising in part-time provision. The sample was drawn from a quantitative survey of 1539 graduates concerning their motivations for studying and the benefits derived. Researchers could therefore choose respondents on the basis of previously reported outcomes of study and on other life course information, which was included in the survey. The paper reports a wide range of motivations and outcomes, which are regarded as forms of capital, and illustrates how studying part-time as a mature student can have a profound effect on people’s lives.

The Wider Benefits of Adult Learning: An Illustration of the Advantages of Multi‐method Research

This paper examines the advantages of combining quantitative and qualitative findings concerning the wider benefits of adult learning. The research issue is a broad one that was under‐researched when the projects were conducted. Quantitative and qualitative projects addressed different facets of this issue. Mostly, they were designed and conducted separately, and combined only at the stage of interpreting findings. We therefore refer to the project as multi rather than mixed method research. The advantages of combining methods in this research fall into the five categories presented as purposes of mixed methods research by Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989): initiation, triangulation, complementarity, development and expansion. I suggest that initiation, which refers to the new perspectives that are developed when researchers attempt to combine apparently contradictory quantitative and qualitative findings, is conceptually distinct from the other advantages. Unlike the other four advantages, it is not associated with particular and concrete outcomes, such as additional evidence for validity (triangulation), developing a fuller picture of the research issue (complementarity) or expanding the scope of the research (expansion), its design and implementation (development). Rather, initiation is a process through which the reconciliation of apparently contradictory findings leads to triangulation, complementarity, development and expansion. The ease with which findings from different methods are reconciled is a dimension that applies to multi‐method research, which is highlighted by initiation. It bears on the creativity and innovation associated with triangulation, complementarity, development and expansion.

How education makes us healthy

The evidence for positive correlations between years of education and health status is consistent. The patterns of causalities underlying these correlations are likely to be complex, but here the focus is upon one direction of causality; namely how education makes us healthy. If education has the potential to improve health outcomes, then policy-makers and practitioners should understand the interrelated processes involved. As a first step towards this understanding, I suggest a typology of intermediate factors linking education to health outcomes, falling under four headings; economic factors, access to health services, health-related practices, and coping with stress. Although the development of the typology was the purpose of the research, the process of doing so led to the identification of a number of policy-relevant issues or themes that apply to all groups of intermediate factors: (1) immediate psychosocial outcomes of learning play a fundamental role in generating the behaviours, skills and personal attributes that have lasting effects upon health; (2) health benefits of education that apply to individuals do not always apply to communities; (3) health benefits of education depend upon the nature of the learning experienced; and (4) they also depend upon the social and economic structures in which the learner is situated.

The Effects of Adult Learning on Self-Efficacy.

We use quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the links between participation in adult learning and self‐efficacy, particularly for the subgroup of adults who had low levels of achievement at school. We focus on self‐efficacy because it translates into a range of wider benefits and because it may afford protection from depression and other forms of social exclusion. Quantitative analyses of data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS) provide evidence for an association between taking courses and transformations in self‐efficacy for all cohort members, but the association is greatest and the evidence is strongest for our subgroup. A related fieldwork project involving in depth interviews with 15 women with poor school attainment sampled from the NCDS provides insights into some of the processes that underlie the associations found: (i) perceptions of achievement in adult education increase self‐efficacy; (ii) adult education leads to more challenging occupations, which build self‐efficacy; (iii) resistance to participation in adult education is reduced as self‐efficacy increases; and (iv) learning on the job can build self‐efficacy, and although participation in employer‐provided training courses does not appear to play an important role, it reflects engagement in occupations where the value of learning is recognized. The interviews also illustrate how school impacts on self‐efficacy and motivation to learn throughout the life course, and how important background and life circumstances can be in shaping the impacts of adult learning on self‐efficacy.

A Poorly Understood Condition: Disability Living Allowance and People with CFS/ME

This paper questions the adequacy of administrative responses to poorly understood disabling conditions in the UK. An illustrative case study, the administration of the Disability Living Allowance (DLA) to people with chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), is examined. Controversies surrounding CFS/ME and institutional responses to the condition are summarized. The history and purposes of DLA are outlined, and research evaluating its administration and impact is reviewed. Quantitative data from the DSS are combined with qualitative data obtained from interviews with claimants and non-claimants of DLA with CFS/ME and with benefits advisers. Additional data from a national survey of people with CFS/ME are incorporated into the analysis. The findings show how the adjudication of DLA is particularly problematic in relation to people with CFS/ME. Decisions are likely to be based on inadequate evidence. These and other relevant findings are discussed in the context of the stigma attached to CFS/ME and other poorly understood disabling conditions, and socio–legal research and theory.