Cetta Mainwaring

Governing migration from the margins

As the death toll in the Mediterranean rises, the European Union is seeking more mechanisms to prevent migration from Africa and the Middle East. Across the Atlantic, US President Donald Trump ends Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals – a programme that protects 800,000 young people from deportation – and promises ‘Muslim bans’ and new walls along the country’s long border with Mexico. Despite the enormous material and discursive efforts to build walls around the First World, people continue to make dangerous journeys to reach it. Moreover, despite the many boats patrolling the Mediterranean and border guards deployed along the US–Mexico border, migrants continue to die in seas and deserts. This humanitarian crisis and the associated unequal access to mobility are now normalized features of our ‘globalized’ world. These dynamics reveal a fundamental failure in migration law and governance; The failure of policies and practices to deter ‘unauthorized’ migrants, to protect those who need it, and to prevent migrant deaths at the edges of the First World. This failure has become clearer in the past few years as the number of displaced people increases around the world and states craft new legal mechanisms to deter and contain human mobility; legal mechanisms that erode and circumvent the limited legal protections migrants currently have. The papers in this collection offer empirical cases that, both historically and geographically, demonstrate the fluxes in the role of borders, legal frameworks and structures of surveillance in upholding state control over territory and human mobility (cf. Roy, this issue). The shrinking spaces of asylum around the world are now welldocumented (e.g. Anderson, 2013; Hyndman and Mountz, 2008). This issue moves beyond just refugees, however, to focus on how migration governance in general is evolving in the 21st century; how refugees are being denied protection, while other

Oxford University should stop investing in arms companies

It will surprise nobody to learn that the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq—so deadly to those who have suff ered in them—have reaped enormous profi ts for arms companies. What may come as a surprise is that many of the UK’s most respected universities—including ours, Oxford—have also cashed in on these wars, by investing (either directly or indirectly) large amounts of their endowment capital in shares in major global arms companies. Oxford University provides a revealing—but by no means unique—example: requests under the Freedom of Information Act made by Campaign Against the Arms Trade and our student group have revealed that, between 2008 and 2010, Oxford’s endowment and capital funds were investing on average £4·5 million of their assets (through third-party funds) in BAE Systems, Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, and other UK and US arms manufacturers. For Oxford, as for other universities, the lure of large returns appears to have been too lucrative to resist. Yet at a time when there is an increasing public awareness about the conduct of these and other wars, helped in large part by the WikiLeaks release last year of thousands of US military fi les, with their evidence of what many would consider to be promiscuous rules of engagement and indiscriminate killings, universities like Oxford can no longer ignore the ethical implications of their investments. Take Oxford’s holding in Lockheed Martin. In April, 2010, the University held £1·4 million worth of shares in this US-based company that makes the Hellfi re missile. The WikiLeaks release records the killing of an Iraqi boy by a Hellfi re missile fi red at him by a US helicopter while he was collecting fi rewood. A Hellfi re missile is also seen killing a passer-by as it is launched at a civilian structure at the end of the infamous Collateral murder video released by WikiLeaks, which shows footage from a US helicopter cockpit of innocent civilians gunned down in Baghdad, accompanied by the crew’s mocking commentary: “Oh, yeah, look at those dead bastards. Nice.” In both cases the helicopters were Apaches, manufactured by Boeing, another company 2 Brazil. Federative republic of Brazil: 1998 Constitution with 1996 reforms. November, 2008. http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Brazil/ english96.html (accessed March 15, 2011). 3 Victora CG, Aquino EML, do Carmo Leal M, Monteiro CA, Barros FC, Szwarcwald CL. Maternal and child health in Brazil: progress and challenges. Lancet 2011; published online May 9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60138-4. 4 Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RB, Rodrigues LC. Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs. Lancet 2011; published online May 9. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60202-X. 5 Brasilia: Ministério da Educação/Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira. 2009 higher education census. http://www. inep.gov.br/superior/censosuperior/default.asp (accessed March 15, 2011) (in Portuguese). 6 Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Estatística. 2010 population census. http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br (accessed March 15, 2011) (in Portuguese). 7 Ministério de Saúde. DataSUS. http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi. exe?cnes/cnv/prid02br.def (accessed Jan 7, 2011) (in Portuguese). 8 Morita MC, Haddad AE, de Araújo ME. Current profi le and trends of the Brazilian dentist-surgeon. Maringá: Dental Press International, 2010. http://cfo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/PERFIL_CD_BR_web.pdf (accessed Jan 10, 2011) (in Portuguese). 9 Spink MJP, Bernardes JdS, Menegon VSM, Santos L, Gamba AC. The engagement of psychologists in SUS-related health services: subsidies to understand dilemmas of the practice and the challenges of professional education. In: Spink MJP, eds. Psychology in dialogue with the SUS: professional practice and academic production. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo, 2007: 53–80. http://www.abepsi.org.br/web/Relatorio_ pesquisa_ABEP.pdf (accessed March 15, 2011) (in Portuguese). 10 Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. http://portal.saude. gov.br/portal/saude/Gestor/area.cfm?id_area=1529 (accessed Jan 8, 2011) (in Portuguese). 11 Santos BdS, Almeida-Filho N. The university of the 21st century: towards a new university. Coimbra: Almedina Press, 2008. http://www.boaventura desousasantos.pt/media/A%20Universidade%20no%20Seculo%20XXI.pdf (accessed March 15, 2011) (in Portuguese). 12 Ministério da Saúde, Ministério da Educação. National programme for reorientation of professional formation in health. 2007. http://prosaude. org/rel/pro_saude1.pdf (accessed Jan 11, 2011) (in Portuguese).