Cezary Kaźmierowski

Effects of Soil Surface Roughness on Soil Reflectance Measured in Laboratory and Outdoor Conditions

Various remote sensing methods, including diffuse and contact reflectance spectroscopy (DRS and CRS, respectively) as well as proximal soil sensing (PSS), have been widely used for obtaining information about the soil properties. The influence of soil surface roughness on soil spectra obtained with a FieldSpecPro (ASD) spectroradiometer using three measurement techniques was investigated. The PSS spectra in outdoor (PSS-O) and laboratory (PSS-L) conditions were collected and then compared with the spectra of the same soil recorded using Muglight (ML) adapter. PSS measurements of each soil sample were taken at three surface roughness levels: the lowest roughness level, representing the rolled surface, the second representing a moderately rough (MR) surface of medium-sized clods and aggregates, and the third level with the highest soil surface roughness, where the clods and aggregates, with size beyond their assessed mean size for a given soil. The roughness indices height standard deviation (HSD) and tortuosity (T3D) were closely related to the size of the aggregates and clods forming the soil surface. The ML spectra of ground samples were more strongly correlated with the PSS-L spectra than with the PSS-O spectra, and mean coefficient of determination (R2) for the spectra obtained at three levels of roughness was 0.99 and 0.95, respectively. With the increase of surface roughness, the differences between the level of ML and both PSS-L and PSS-O spectra increased. The relative difference (RD) calculated for PSS-L and PSS-O spectra in relation to ML spectra was better explained by the T3D (R2 = 0.82), than the HSD (R2 = 0.68).

Effects of Different Illumination and Observation Techniques of Cultivated Soils on Their Hyperspectral Bidirectional Measurements Under Field and Laboratory Conditions

This paper evaluates the fitting of the hyperspectral bidirectional reflectance data of soil surfaces formed by a cultivator, a pulverizing harrow, and a smoothing harrow, collected in field conditions as illuminated by direct and diffuse solar radiation, to their bidirectional reflectance equivalents measured in the laboratory with only a direct radiation component using the same soil materials shaped such that their roughness was similar to that formed in the field by the farming tools mentioned above. Both kinds of data were measured by the same ASD FieldSpec 3 spectrophotometer attached to goniometric devices, which observed the soil surfaces under the same directions, pointing at various fragments of the surface under field conditions and always pointing at the center of the soil samples under laboratory conditions. The worst average fit for the analyzed soil surfaces did not exceed 36%. The fit was weaker if the soil was spectrally darker with a lower spectrum level, especially at lower solar zenith angles and higher soil surface roughness. It was found that the fit increased from 400 to 450 nm, and decreased especially for wavelengths between 1950 and 2300 nm. A less significant decrease in fit was revealed at around of 700, 940, and 1140 nm.

Annual Dynamics of Shortwave Radiation as Consequence of Smoothing of Previously Plowed and Harrowed Soils in Poland

AbstractSmoothing a rough, deeply plowed soil increases its albedo, which determines a lower amount of shortwave radiation absorbed by its surface layer. That surface emits less longwave radiation, leading to a reduction in its temperature, which in turn can affect the climate, influencing the energy transfer between soil, vegetation, and the atmosphere. This paper presents a multistage procedure for estimating the annual dynamics of shortwave radiation reflected from bare soils as a consequence of smoothing the previously plowed and disk-harrowed fields in Poland. This procedure takes into account the spatial diversity of soil units and their properties within bare soil surfaces (extracted from Landsat 8 images), analyzed using digital maps of land use and soils as well as soil datasets stored in soil databases. One minimum and two peaks were found in the annual distribution of the radiation amount reflected from the soils only when smoothing the data. Expressing this reflected radiation as a fraction of...

Shortwave Radiation Affected by Agricultural Practices

The albedo of bare soil depends on its organic matter, iron oxide, carbonate contents, and reflectance geometry, features considered stable over time, and also depends on salinity, moisture and roughness, which change dynamically due to agricultural practices. This paper deals with the quantitative estimation of the amount of shortwave radiation that could be reflected by air-dried bare soils in clear-sky conditions within arable lands in Israel throughout the year, assuming that they were shaped by a plough, a disk harrow, or a smoothing harrow. An area of bare soils was extracted from Landsat 8 images, within the contours of arable lands. The radiation reflected from the bare soils was calculated by equations predicting variations in their half-diurnal albedo as the solar zenith angle function. Accordingly, laboratory reflectance data of Israeli soil samples were used. The results clearly showed annual variation in the amount of short-wave radiation reflected from all bare soils within arable lands. The minimum radiation occurred in the winter, between the 1st and 70th day of the year (DOY), and the maximum was identified in the summer between 200th and 250th DOY. This could reach about 3–5 PJ/day and 16–23 PJ/day, respectively.

Canopy tree species determine herb layer biomass and species composition on a reclaimed mine spoil heap

According facilitative models of succession, trees are great forest ecosystem engineers. The strength of tree stand influences on habitat were tested in rather homogenous conditions where heterogeneity of site condition was not an important influence. We hypothesized that canopy composition affects total aboveground vascular herb layer biomass (THB) and species composition of herb layer plant biomass (SCHB) more significantly than primary soil fertility or slope exposure. The study was conducted in 227 randomly selected research plots in seven types of forest stands: pure with Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus petraea and Robinia pseudoacacia, and mixed with dominance of Acer pseudoplatanus or Betula pendula located on hilltop and northern, eastern, western, and southern slopes on a reclaimed, afforested post-mining spoil heap of the Bełchatów Brown Coal Mine (Poland). Generalized linear models (GLZ) showed that tree stand species were the best predictors of THB. Non-parametric variance tests showed significantly higher (nearly four times) THB under canopies of A. glutinosa, R. pseudoacacia, B. pendula and Q. petraea, compared to the lowest THB found under canopies of P. sylvestris and mixed with A. pseudoplatanus. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that SCHB was significantly differentiated along gradients of light-nutrient herb layer species requirements. RDA and non-parametric variance tests showed that SCHB under canopies of A. glutinosa, R. pseudoacacia and mixed with A. pseudoplatanus had large shares of nitrophilous ruderal species (32%, 31% and 11%, respectively), whereas SCHB under B. pendula, Q. petraea, mixed with B. pendula and P. sylvestris were dominated by light-demanding meadow (49%, 51%, 51% and 36%, respectively) and Poaceae species. The results indicated the dominant role of tree stand composition in habitat-forming processes, and although primary site properties had minor importance, they were also modified by tree stand species.

Combined use of remote sensing and geostatistical data sets for estimating the dynamics of shortwave radiation of bare arable soils in Europe

ABSTRACT Smoothing rough ploughed soils increases their albedo, which results in a lower amount of shortwave radiation being absorbed by their surface layer. That surface emits less longwave radiation, leading to a reduction in its temperature, which in turn can affect the climate. This article presents a multistage procedure using remote sensing and geostatistical data sets for quantification of the annual dynamics of shortwave radiation reflected from air-dried bare soils within arable lands of the European Union and its associated countries, Norway and Switzerland. The soils, being cultivated under conventional tillage, were treated as bare formed by a plough (Pd) and a smoothing harrow (Hs), when the major crops were planted there. Information about the areas of the soils and periods when they are bare was obtained from vectorized and rasterized geostatistical data sets. The spatial diversity of the spectral reflectance of the soils, characterized by thousands of their reflectance spectra (stored in the European Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey Top Soil Database), were used to predict the half-diurnal albedo variation of the soils on a given day of the year. The shortwave radiation reaching the examined soils was obtained from satellite data of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager instrument. It was found that the maximum radiation levels reflected from the soils occur between the beginning of April and the end of May. During these periods, the radiation reflected from the soils formed by Pd and Hs can reach about 220 and 250 PJ d−1 in the western part of the EU, 150 and 190 PJ d−1 in the central part, and up to 280 and 330 PJ d−1 in the southern part.