Ch. Kolb
Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Featured researches published by Ch. Kolb.
International Journal of Astrobiology | 2003
H. Lammer; Ch. Kolb; Thomas Penz; U.V. Amerstorfer; H. K. Biernat; B. Bodiselitsch
The discovery of high concentrations of water-ice just below the Martian surface polar areas made by Mars Odyssey has strengthened the debate about the search for life on Mars. Generally it is believed that life on Earth emerged in liquid water from the processing of organic molecules. Thus, the possible origin of life on early Mars should have been related to the evolution of the planetary water inventory, consequently it is important to know the amount of water-ice stored below the planetary surface. The search and mapping of the present subsurface water and ice reservoirs will be carried out experimentally by Mars Express with its Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) ground-penetrating radar in the near future. We estimate the present and past water-ice reservoirs, which are and were in exchange with the atmosphere by using the observed D/H ratio in the atmospheric water vapour, measured D/H ratios in Martian SNC meteorites and D/H isotope ratios based on a study by Lunine et al . (2003) regarding asteroid and cometary water delivery to early Mars. Using the results of this study with initial D/H ratios of about 1.2–1.6 times the terrestrial sea water (TSW) ratio and the assumption that these ratios were not fractionated by XUV-driven hydrodynamic escape due to a more active young Sun prior to 3.5 Ga, one finds a present water-ice reservoir, which can exchange with the Martian atmosphere, equivalent to a global ocean layer with a thickness of about 3.3–15 m. By assuming that hydrodynamic escape fractionated the D/H ratio to a value that is stored in the old Martian SNC meteorites with a measured average enrichment of about 2.3 times the TSW ratio we estimate a present water-ice reservoir equivalent to a global layer with a thickness of about 11–27 m. From the obtained range of the estimated present water-ice deposit, we estimate a water-ice reservoir exchangeable with the atmosphere on Mars 3.5 Ga equivalent to a global ocean with a thickness of between 17 and 61 m. All the estimated reservoirs depend on the escape of water from Mars since 3.5 Ga equivalent to a global ocean with a thickness of about 14 m (minimum) to 34 m (maximum). The main uncertainties in the estimate of the minimal and maximal water-ice reservoir is related to the present uncertainties in the efficiency of atmospheric escape rates triggered by plasma instabilities and momentum transfer effects between the solar wind and the ionosphere. However, these uncertainties will be reduced in the near future, since both loss processes will be studied in detail by the Automatic Space Plasma Experiment with a Rotating Analyzer (ASPERA-3) on-board Mars Express. The obtained results combined with the discovery of the present water-ice subsurface reservoirs by the MARSIS radar and isotope studies as presented in this work, will also give us an idea of how enriched the atmosphere was in D compared with H after the heavy bombardment corresponding to a better understanding of the efficiency of the hydrodynamic escape process due to the young Sun.
International Journal of Astrobiology | 2002
Alex Ellery; Ch. Kolb; H. Lammer; John Parnell; Howell G. M. Edwards; Lutz Richter; Manish R. Patel; J. Romstedt; David L. Dickensheets; A. Steele; Charles S. Cockell
In this paper, in this edition of the Journal commemorating the life and work of David Wynn-Williams, we consider approaches to the astrobiological investigation of Mars. We provide a brief account of the scientific rationale behind the approach presented here. In particular, we outline the capabilities of the Raman spectrometer for the detection of biomarkers. David Wynn-Williams was an active champion of this instrument who was keen to field-qualify a version in Antarctica with a view to flying a Raman instrument onboard a Mars-bound space mission. We examine a scenario for the deployment of such an instrument in conjunction with other instrumentation and argue that subsurface deployment of scientific instruments is essential if we are to succeed in detecting any evidence that may exist for former life on Mars. We outline a mission scenario - Vanguard - which represents a novel but low-risk, low-cost approach to Mars exploration that was conceived and developed jointly by one of the authors (Ellery) and the late David Wynn-Williams.
International Journal of Astrobiology | 2006
Ch. Kolb; R. Abart; A. Bérces; James Garry; Aviaja Anna Hansen; W. Hohenau; G. Kargl; H. Lammer; Manish R. Patel; Petra Rettberg; Helga Stan-Lotter
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can act on putative organic/biological matter at the Martian surface in several ways. Only absorbed, but not transmitted or reflected, radiation energy can be photo-chemically effective. The most important biological UV effects are due to photochemical reactions in nucleic acids, DNA or RNA, which constitute the genetic material of all cellular organisms and viruses. Protein or lipid effects generally play a minor role, but they are also relevant in some cases. UV radiation can induce wavelengths-specific types of DNA damage. At the same time it can also induce the photo-reversion reaction of a UV induced DNA photoproduct of nucleic acid bases, the pyrimidine dimers. Intense UVB and UVC radiation, experienced on early Earth and present-day Mars, has been revealed to be harmful to all organisms, including extremophile bacteria and spores. Moreover, the formation of oxidants, catalytically produced in the Martian environment through UV irradiation, may be responsible for the destruction of organic matter on Mars. Following this, more laboratory simulations are vital in order to investigate and understand UV effects on organic matter in the case of Mars. We have designed a radiation apparatus that simulates the anticipated Martian UV surface spectrum between 200 and 400 nm (UVC-UVA). The system comprises a UV enhanced xenon arc lamp, special filter-sets and mirrors to simulate the effects of the Martian atmospheric column and dust loading. We describe the technical setup and performance of the system and discuss its uses for different applications. The design is focused on portability, therefore, the Mars-UV simulator represents a device for several different Mars simulation facilities with specific emphasis on Mars research topics.
Icarus | 2007
Peter Wurz; Urs Rohner; James A. Whitby; Ch. Kolb; H. Lammer; Patrizia Dobnikar; Josep A. Martín-Fernández
Planetary and Space Science | 2006
Yu. N. Kulikov; H. Lammer; Herbert I. M. Lichtenegger; Naoki Terada; Ignasi Ribas; Ch. Kolb; D. Langmayr; R. Lundin; Edward F. Guinan; S. Barabash; H. K. Biernat
Planetary and Space Science | 2006
H. Lammer; Herbert I. M. Lichtenegger; H. K. Biernat; N. V. Erkaev; I.L. Arshukova; Ch. Kolb; H. Gunell; Alex Lukyanov; Mats Holmström; S. Barabash; T. L. Zhang; W. Baumjohann
Planetary and Space Science | 2010
Peter Wurz; James A. Whitby; Urs Rohner; Josep A. Martín-Fernández; H. Lammer; Ch. Kolb
Icarus | 2003
H. Lammer; Peter Wurz; Manish R. Patel; Rosemary M. Killen; Ch. Kolb; Stefano Massetti; S. Orsini; Anna Milillo
International Journal of Astrobiology | 2003
Manish R. Patel; A. Bérces; Ch. Kolb; H. Lammer; Petra Rettberg; John C. Zarnecki; Franck Selsis
Icarus | 2003
H. Lammer; Herbert I. M. Lichtenegger; Ch. Kolb; Ignasi Ribas; E. F. Guinan; R. Abart; S. J. Bauer