Chang-Jun Liu

Effect of precipitate-dislocation interactions on generation of nonlinear Lamb waves in creep-damaged metallic alloys

An analytical model is presented for the effect of the interactions of dislocations with precipitate coherency strains on the generation of second-harmonic of Lamb waves in metallic alloys. The cumulative second-harmonic of Lamb wave propagation is shown to depend dominantly on the dislocation density, pinning dislocation length, internal stress due to the coherency strain, volume fraction of the precipitates, and the phase matching degree between the primary Lamb wave and the double frequency Lamb wave (DFLW). Experiments were carried out to introduce controlled levels of creep-induced damage to determine the nonlinear response of Lamb waves in titanium alloy Ti60 plates. A like mountain-shape change in the normalized acoustic nonlinearity of Lamb wave versus the creep loading time has been observed. Microscopic image analyses were performed to interpret the variation of the measured acoustic nonlinearity and to obtain the microstructure parameters of the Ti60 specimens with different creep damages. The ...

Cumulative second-harmonic analysis of ultrasonic Lamb waves for ageing behavior study of modified-HP austenite steel

The cumulative second-harmonic analysis of ultrasonic Lamb wave has been performed to study the precipitation kinetics and microvoid initiation of ferritic Cr-Ni alloy steel during the ageing process. Ageing of ferritic Cr-Ni alloy materials have been done at 1223 K and 1173 K for different degradation time intervals and air cooled. The results show that the normalized acoustic nonlinearity of Lamb wave increases with the formation of fine precipitates at the early stage of ageing till about 1000 h and keeps as a plateau with the precipitates dynamic balance for a long-term ageing, and then decreases gradually at the final holding time with the coarsening of precipitates and initiation of microvoids. The results also show that the variation of nonlinear Lamb wave follows the same trend as that of hardness in materials. Therefore, the cumulative second-harmonic of ultrasonic Lamb waves has been found to be strongly sensitive to the precipitates behavior and microstructure evolution during the thermal ageing of ferritic Cr-Ni alloy steel.

Generation of cumulative second-harmonic ultrasonic guided waves with group velocity mismatching: Numerical analysis and experimental validation

The generation of second-harmonic Lamb waves in a homogeneous, isotropic, stress-free elastic plate is analytically and experimentally investigated. The numerical analyses show that whether the matching condition of the group velocity is satisfied or not, the integrated amplitude of a second-harmonic Lamb wave accumulates with the propagation distance when both the finite duration of the primary Lamb wave tone burst and the phase velocity matching are given. The theoretical analyses are validated by experimental measurements of an aluminium plate. Our conclusions are different from those of the previous works that reported that the group velocity matching is required for the generation of the cumulative second-harmonic Lamb waves with the finite duration of tone bursts.

Modeling of ultrasonic nonlinearities for dislocation evolution in plastically deformed materials: Simulation and experimental validation

A nonlinear constitutive relationship was established to investigate nonlinear behaviors of ultrasonic wave propagation in plastically damaged media based on analyses of mixed dislocation evolution. Finite element simulations of longitudinal wave propagation in plastically deformed martensite stainless steel were performed based on the proposed nonlinear constitutive relationship, in which the contribution of mixed dislocation to acoustic nonlinearity was considered. The simulated results were validated by experimental measurements of plastically deformed 30Cr2Ni4MoV martensite stainless steels. Simulated and experimental results both reveal a monotonically increasing tendency of the normalized acoustic nonlinearity parameter as a function of plastic strain. Microscopic studies revealed that the changes of the acoustic nonlinearity are mainly attributed to dislocation evolutions, such as dislocation density, dislocation length, and the type and fraction of dislocations during plastic loading.

Contribution of mixed dislocations to the acoustic nonlinearity in plastically deformed materials

An analytical model is proposed based on dislocation line energy and variable line tension to describe the influence of mixed dislocations on acoustic nonlinearity in plastically deformed materials. Numerical results indicate that the acoustic nonlinearity parameter β is strongly dependent on the Poissons ratio, and the fraction and type of the dislocation. For edge dislocations, β is found to increase with increasing Poissons ratio, which is different from the behavior predicted by existing models. Moreover, this result indicates that β should be more sensitive to edge dislocations in materials with large Poissons ratios. The proposed model is validated by experimental measurements of cold-rolled 304 stainless steel plates and plastically deformed 30Cr2Ni4MoV martensite stainless steels.

Second Harmonic Generation of Lamb Wave in Numerical Perspective

The influences of phase and group velocity matching on cumulative second harmonic generation of Lamb waves are investigated in numerical perspective. Finite element simulations of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation are performed for Lamb wave mode pairs with exact and approximate phase velocity matching, with and without group velocity matching, respectively. The evolution of time-domain second harmonic Lamb waves is analyzed with the propagation distance. The amplitudes of primary and second harmonic waves are calculated to characterize the acoustic nonlinearity. The results verify that phase velocity matching is necessary for generation of the cumulative second harmonic Lamb wave in numerical perspective, while group velocity matching is demonstrated to not be a necessary condition.

A feasibility study on fatigue damage evaluation using nonlinear Lamb waves with group-velocity mismatching

HighlightsFatigue damage evaluation is verified by mode pairs with group‐velocity mismatching.A parameter is proposed to quantify the cumulative efficiency of SHG.The proposed parameter is validated in both experiments and simulations.Mode pair S3‐s6 is demonstrated to be sensitive to material damage evolution. ABSTRACT The feasibility of fatigue damage evaluation has been investigated using nonlinear Lamb waves with group‐velocity mismatching. To choose an efficient mode pair, a parameter is proposed to quantify the efficiency of cumulative second‐harmonic generation (SHG) of Lamb waves based on the normal modal analysis. Experiments and simulations are performed to verify the proposed parameter, which demonstrates that whether the matching condition of group velocity is satisfied or not, the efficiency of cumulative SHG increases with the order of Lamb mode for the five low‐order Lamb waves investigated. Then, S3‐s6 mode pair with group‐velocity mismatching is chosen to characterize the fatigue damage of an aluminium alloy for the high efficiency of cumulative SHG. Results show that S3‐s6 mode pair is sensitive to fatigue damage evolution and the integrated amplitude of second harmonics increases by nearly 300% with fatigue cycles. Nonlinear Lamb waves with group‐velocity mismatching are validated to be a candidate to efficiently evaluate the fatigue damage.

Fatigue Damage Evaluation Using Nonlinear Lamb Waves with Quasi Phase-Velocity Matching at Low Frequency

Due to the dispersive and multimode natures, only nonlinear Lamb waves with exact phase-velocity matching were generally used in previous studies to evaluate the evenly distributed microstructural evolution in the incipient stage of material degradation, because of the cumulative generation of second harmonics, which was also found within a significant propagation distance for mode pair S0-s0 with quasi phase-velocity matching at low frequency. To explore the feasibility of fatigue damage evaluation by using this mode pair and fully utilize its unique merits, the cumulative second harmonic analysis was performed on aluminum alloy specimens with various material damage produced by the continuous low cycle fatigue tests. Similar to mode pair S1-s2 with exact phase-velocity matching, a mountain shape curve between the normalized acoustic nonlinearity parameter and the fatigue life was also achieved with the peak point at about 0.65 fatigue life for mode pair S0-s0, even though a relatively higher sensitivity to fatigue damage was observed for mode pair S1-s2. The excited frequency selection was further analyzed in a certain frequency range, where the quasi phase-velocity matching condition was satisfied for mode pair S0-s0 owing to the less dispersive property. Results show that the fatigue damage can be effectively detected using the mode pair S0-s0, and a relatively lower excited frequency was preferred due to its higher sensitivity to microstructural evolution.

Symmetry properties of second harmonics generated by antisymmetric Lamb waves

Symmetry properties of second harmonics generated by antisymmetric primary Lamb waves are systematically studied in this work. In theory, the acoustic field of second harmonic Lamb waves is obtained by using the perturbation approximation and normal modal method, and the energy flux transfer from the primary Lamb waves to second harmonics is mainly explored. Symmetry analyses indicate that either the symmetric or antisymmetric Lamb waves can merely generate the symmetric second harmonics. Finite element simulations are performed on the nonlinear Lamb wave propagation of the antisymmetric A0 mode in the low frequency region. The signals of the second harmonics and the symmetric second harmonic s0 mode are found to be exactly equivalent in the time domain. The relative acoustic nonlinearity parameter A2/A12 oscillates with the propagation distance, and the oscillation amplitude and spatial period are well consistent with the theoretical prediction of the A0-s0 mode pair, which means that only the second har...