Charles A. Weiss

Characterization of Nanosized Crystallites Using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) : Standard Operating Procedure Series : Characterization (C)

Characterization of nanoparticle phase composition is an important attribute that cannot be determined by using many different chemically based analysis methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a ubiquitous technique that can be used to determine the phase composition of materials, quantify phase proportions in multi-phase materials, as well as to estimate crystallite size. In this Scientific Operating Procedure, the use of XRD methods to analyze nanomaterials and products containing nanomaterials is discussed. Specialized sample preparation procedures that are used to produce test specimens for analysis are also discussed. Analysis procedures to identify phase composition are presented along with an introduction to approaches to quantify phase composition and particle size by using various whole pattern fitting routines. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/GSL SR-18-3 iii

Rapid Soil Stabilization and Strengthening Using Electrokinetic Techniques

Abstract : The Army has a requirement to develop methods of strengthening soil to support rapid runway and roadway construction. A study was undertaken on the use of DC current applied to soil to form cementing phases in the soil. Preliminary work was on the use of zinc. aluminum. and iron in a variety of granular materials. Metal ions primarily form soft metal hydroxide gels that produce no immediate soil strengthening. Passing current through soil mixed with an alkali-reactive silicate produces rapid hardening with strength to 2,000 psi.