Charles C. Kolb

To the Tashkent Station: Evacuation and Survival in the Soviet Union at War

degradation. Overall the volume serves a constructive purpose by examining the diverse character of informal relationships and networks in the CEE region, which range from democratic organisations that prevent institutional accumulation and abuse of power to those at the other end of the spectrum that are both a source of and an adaptive mechanism to pervasive corruption. The book is an important source for those scholars whose research involves institution building and power relations in Eurasian postcommunist states.

In Memoriam: “Tom, We Hardly Knew Ye” – Thomas H. Charlton, 1938–2010

Mesoamericanists, historical archaeologists, and researchers concerned with craft specialization, rural-urban settlement pattern analysis, and the rise and fall of city states have recently and unexpectedly lost a dedicated colleague, enthusiastic fieldworker, and friend. Mexican archaeology has especially been deprived of one of its stellar fieldworkers, distinguished researchers, and mentor with the passing of Thomas H. Charlton, whom we all knew as Tom and never Thomas. Anthropologists and historians who focus on the Meseta Central and especially those concerned with the Late Postclassic and Colonial era during the past four and a half decades recognize the significant contributions he made to our understanding of Aztec prehistory, the Conquest, and the transition to the Colonial and Republican periods. Although known as a prominent Mesoamerican archaeologist and ethnohistorian, and closely identified with the Basin of Mexico’s Teotihuacan Valley and particularly the Aztec city-state of Otumba, his research and publications demonstrate his knowledge of Mesoamerica as well as settlement pattern analysis and the sociopolitical and economic parameters of ancient city states. His careful fieldwork, meticulous laboratory analyses, and exhaustive mining of archives allowed him to prepare numerous publications related to these topics. As Mike Smith, a well-known scholar of the Aztec archaeology and ethnohistory, stated: “Tom Charlton knew more about Aztec ceramics than anyone else. He was always eager to learn more and to extend his understanding. He was generous with his knowledge, and he showed me (and my students) his collections both in his funky old lab at Cuauhtlatzinco and in the much nicer Teotihuacan Lab in San Juan. As a result, my understanding was greatly increased by our interactions over the years.” In late June 2010, Smith wrote, “Last week we did a massive re-classification of our Aztec III types (we have at least two varieties of local Aztec III black-on-orange, one of which is hard to tell from the Valley of Mexico type). The two bags of sherds within our type collection with labels saying ‘real Aztec III, Tom Charlton’ and ‘imitation Aztec III, Tom Charlton’ proved to be very helpful in our reclassification.” Indeed, Tom did know more about Aztec ceramics and its variations than anyone, but he also leaves a legacy of other important research in Mexico since 1963 as well as historic period archaeology in Iowa since 1974. Those who know Tom’s contributions to Mesoamerican archaeology and ethnohistory may not be aware of his important studies in Iowa, or his dedicated service to the anthropological communities in the United States and Mexico, his commitment to educating and training undergraduate and graduate students, and his keen sense of service to his department and the University of Iowa. Thomas H. Charlton III was born August 17, 1938, in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, the son of Thomas H. (Harry) Charlton and Winnie (Taylor) Charlton. He received his B.A. in Anthropology in 1960 from the University of Toronto and a doctorate in Anthropology from Tulane University in 1966. His dissertation, Archaeological Settlement Patterns: An Interpretation, made use of his initial field research, both surface survey and excavations, in the Teotihuacan Valley. Robert Wauchope chaired Tom’s dissertation committee, and Arden Ross King and Donald Robertson were also members of that committee. Tom focused on settlement data assembled during the earliest years of William Sanders’s Teotihuacan Valley Project which had developed from a conference, “Co-ordinated Anthropological Research in the Valley of Mexico,” organized by Eric R. Wolf, held July 6–9, 1960, at the University of Chicago, and sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Anonymous 1960). In the dissertation, Tom reported on archaeological and modern settlement pattern surveys in the Cerro Gordo-North Slope region of the Teotihuacan Valley from the Preclassic through the post-Conquest up to 1964. He also analyzed 17 documents that he had located in the Archivo General de la Nación. Among the archaeological sites on the north slope of Cerro Gordo were Classic period sites (TC 40, 41, 42, and 46), Toltec sites (TT 31, 32, and 33), the Aztec site TA 40, and the contemporary communities of San Cristobal Colhuacán, Santa María el Alto, and—in the Middle Teotihuacan Valley—San Pablo Isquitán, close, but not yet focusing on the nearby town of Otumba which overlay an earlier Aztec community.. Characteristically, Tom thanked Bill Sanders for allowing accesses to the project’s field and laboratory records, noting that “he shared liberally both his time and his data” (Charlton 1966:ii). Tom, like Bill, was always grateful to his professional colleagues, students, and fieldworkers for their assistance—a trait of a scholar and a gentleman—and Tom was both a gentle man and gentleman. During his years at Tulane, Tom was a Teaching Assistant (September 1961–July 1962); he taught at the University of Toronto as a Lecturer (September 1964–June 1965) and then as Assistant Professor (July 1965–June 1966). He relocated to Grinnell College in Iowa where he was appointed as an Assistant Professor (September 1966–August 1967) before joining the University of Iowa’s Department of Anthropology in 1967 where he would remain for 43 years. Tom moved through the academic ranks at the University of Iowa (Associate Professor, September l969-August 1980; and Professor, September l980–present) and was still teaching and conducting field research on the day of his untimely passing. He collapsed on the Old Capitol Mall at the

Decolonization and Its Impact: A Comparative Approach to the End of the Colonial Empires (review)

perity at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries made it possible to follow Chile’s example, though many Argentines distrusted Germany by this point because of its strong ties to Chile. Argentina’s wealth helped make it the major military power on the continent by the outbreak of World War I. Brazil was the slowest to reform. This failure seems ironic considering the fact that the fi rst two presidents following the establishment of the republic in 1889 were military men who were all too aware of how inadequate the armed forces were. Long-standing civilian distrust of the military and the weakness of the national government during the Old Republic made it possible for state governments, when given a chance, to make it impossible, for example, to institute obligatory military service. (Decades later, Brazil’s alliance with the United States in World War II, combined with pro-Axis sympathies in Argentina, transformed the balance of power on the continent.) It should be noted that one long-term result of changes introduced by civilian governments was the weakening of civilian authority over the military. I would have liked to see Resende-Santos develop his insights into the strain the creation of mass armies placed on the societies themselves and the tensions they generated between states and citizens. (He does note that recruitment practices prior to this time were far from gentle; he might have usefully cited the work of Peter Beattie in this regard.) The Chilean section of the book does not supplant the fi ne and rather more skeptical book by William F. Sater and Holger H. Herwig, The Grand Illusion: The Prussianization of the Chilean Army (1999). Nevertheless, historians of Latin American civil-military and foreign relations will fi nd this a useful monograph if not necessarily for the theoretical contributions it provides. andrew j. kirkendall Texas A&M University

The Political Economy of Ancient Mesoamerica: Transformations during the Formative and Classic Periods (review)

Factional competition among Inca elites and rebellions among neighboring groups stimulated expansion outside of Cuzco after AD 1400, for which the strategies developed over generations were extrapolated across the Andes. New societies were incorporated by the most expedient and diplomatic means possible. Military conquest was justified as an acceptable reaction to hostility on the part of particular local elites, which facilitated direct control while building cooperation among local factions. Overall, Inca imperial strategies were opportunistic and evolved to meet local conditions. Imperial conquest, in turn, radically transformed the Cuzco heartland. While previously incorporated ethnic groups were granted honorary Inca status, the political economy of the region came to be dominated by royal Inca lineages. Conquered provincial populations were resettled around Cuzco to support royal estates as retainers, to intensify local production, or to produce other prestige items (e.g., coca, cloth, metal). As staple production was farmed out to provinces, the heartland came to be dominated by the production of wealth for increasingly powerful Inca lineages.

Prehistoric Ceramics of Northern Afghanistan: Neolithic through the Iron Age

For nearly four millennia, Afghanistan has been at the crossroads of Eurasian commerce and remains ethnically and linguistically diverse, a mosaic of cultures and languages, especially in the north, where the Turkestan Plain is a conduit for the so-called Silk Route, a series of “roads” that connected far-flung towns and urban centers and facilitated the transfer of goods and services. The research reported herein involves the comparative analysis of archaeological ceramics from a series of archaeological sites excavated in northern Afghanistan in the mid-1960s by the late Louis Dupree and me. I served as the field director (1965-1966) and analyzed the ceramics excavated from all six archaeological sites. These were Aq Kupruk I, II, III, and IV located in Balkh Province (north-central Afghanistan) and Darra-i-Kur and Hazar Gusfand situated on the border between Badakshan and Tarkar Provinces (extreme northeastern Afghanistan). Ten of the 72 ceramic types from the Aq Kupruk area have been published [1, 2, 3] but none of the 53 wares from northeastern Afghanistan have been described. The majority of the Aq Kupruk materials are undecorated (plain ware) ceramics but there is a unique series of red-painted decorated ceramics (Red/Buff, numbered types 45 through 52) with early first millennium BCE designs but the pottery dates to the BCE-CE period. The results of ceramic typological, macroscopic, binocular and petrographic microscopy (thin-section analysis and point counting) are reported.

The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan (review)

The Academy of American Franciscan History has received a significant donation from Dr. Richard Geenleaf to sponsor an annual lecture on the history of the Franciscans in the Americas. The lecture will be named the Antonine Tibesar, OFM, Memorial Lecture in honor of Father Tibesar, the long-time Director of the Academy. A major scholar will be invited each year to deliver the lecture. The Academy is extremely grateful to Dr. Greenleaf for his extraordinary generosity.