Charles D. Bernholz

Depth Perception as a Function of Age

Binocular depth perception was investigated in 164 healthy Ss of the Normative Aging Study, in connection with a model of ocular aging which explains change in the dioptric media in the forties on the basis of mechanical change and later vchange in the retina on the basis of metabolic change. A modified Verhoeff stereopter was used. The results showed a marked diminution to make stereoptic judgments occurred in the forties decade. This is in accordance with the model. In a companion paper, retinal field shrinkage will be explored as an illustration of later metabolic age change.

The absent American Indian treaties: A guide to treaties never referenced at the federal court level

Abstract The treaties signed by the US and the various Indian nations continue to be powerful litigation tools, as demonstrated in the 1999 Supreme Court case Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians (526 U.S. 172). Over the years, many cases have been heard but it is noteworthy that of the over 370 Indian treaties enumerated by the Department of State, more than 80 have never been cited in the opinion of any trial at the federal court level. This note identifies these absent American Indian treaties.

The Absent American Indian Treaties: An update

Abstract This note represents further analysis of materials discussed in “The Absent American Indian Treaties: a guide to treaties never referenced at the federal court level” which appeared in 2001 in the Journal of Government Information, 28 , 171–178.

Integrating Unpaid Work into National Policies

What do you do to start reading integrating unpaid work into national policies? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. Its not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this integrating unpaid work into national policies.

American Indian Treaties and the Lower Federal Courts: A Guide to Treaty Citations from Opinions of the Lower United States Federal Court System

Abstract In a previous study, it was found that 209 of 375 recognized American Indian treaties have been cited in opinions of the United States Supreme Court ( Bernholz, 2004 ). This guide now identifies – through 246 citations from 142 cases between the years 1863 and 2005 – 85 treaties found only in opinions of the lower Federal Court system. In addition, this investigation uncovered another treaty referenced by the Supreme Court. The remaining 80 instruments have not appeared in opinions of the federal courts ( Bernholz, 2001 , Bernholz, 2002 , Bernholz and Weiner, 2005 ).

Dark Adaptation with Interposed White Adapting Fields

It is proposed that dark adaptation following a moderate pigment bleach may nearly as well be carried out (and more conveniently) under low room lighting conditions as in complete darkness. To test this idea, dark adaptation curves were determined either immediately after the termination of a 3 min, 4.1 log td white pre-exposure field, or following 10 or 15 min of additional exposure to one of three low-level photopic (2.9, 2.4, 1.8 log td) backgrounds ofwhite light. Dark thresholds measured after the additional exposure fell rapidly and reached the rod plateau of the normal dark adaptation curve with a maximaldelay of 1.5 min (for the 10 min backgrounds) or 6.5 min (for the 15 min backgrounds). For the time to be spent in the dark, this meant asavings of 8.5 min. At smaller delays savings were even greater. The difference between savings and delay indicates whether or not an interposed background is feasible.ZusammenfassungWir untersuchten, ob die Dunkeladaptation nach einer mittelstarken Pigmentbleichung nicht fast ebenso gut (und bequemer) bei niedriger Raumbeleuchtung erfolgen kann wie in völliger Dunkelheit. Um dies zu testen, wurden Dunkeladaptationskurven auf zweierlei Weise bestimmt: Sofort nach dem Erlöschen einer weißen Vorbelichtung von 3 min Dauer und 4.1 log td retinaler Beleuchtungsstärke; oder nach zusätzlicher Belichtung durch einen von dreiweißen Hintergründen von 2.9, 2.4 oder 1.8 log td für 10 oder 15 min. Dunkelschwellen, die nach der zusätzlichen Adaptation an die Hintergründe gemessen wurden, fielen schnell ab und erreichten den Endwert der normalen Dunkeladaptationskurve mit einerVerzögerung von höchstens 1.5 min (bei den 10 min Hintergründen) oder 6.5 min (bei den 15 min Hintergründen). Bezogen auf die Zeit, die in völliger Dunkelheit zugebracht werden mußte, bedeutet dies eineEinsparung von 8.5 min. Bei geringeren Verzögerungen war die Einsparung entsprechend größer. An dem Unterschied zwischen der Einsparung und der Verzögerung läßt sich ablesen, ob ein zusätzlicher Hintergrund angebracht ist.

The Palmer and Stevens “Usual and Accustomed Places” Treaties in the Opinions of the Courts

Abstract One hundred fifty years ago, Joel Palmer, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Oregon Territory, and Isaac I. Stevens, as Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs of the Washington Territory, negotiated a series of treaties with tribes of the Pacific Northwest. These 10 instruments have affected the gathering rights of tribes and of others in this area and throughout the United States and have generated a substantial amount of litigation. This article reports on the 512 citations to these specific documents in 354 opinions, between the years 1874 and 2005, in various jurisdictions ranging from territorial courts to the U.S. Supreme Court.

The World of Charles J. Kappler: A Digital Portrait

ABSTRACT Charles J. Kappler (1868–1946) is known almost exclusively for his Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties compilation, yet his life and his career were much fuller. Besides serving as Clerk for the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, he was co-counsel for the Pious Fund of the Californias v. Mexico proceedings before the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague and, in one role or another, played a substantial part in many significant federal Indian law cases before the United States Supreme Court in the years leading up to the establishment of the Indian Claims Commission. A digital Web site has been developed to present lesser known aspects of his personal and professional life.

The Missing Court of Claims Report: Is Letitia Humphreys Court of Claims Report 42?

Abstract Between the years 1855 and 1863, the opinions or “reports” of the United States Court of Claims were delivered to the House of Representatives for final consideration. In total, 296 cases were conveyed, but in the process, Report 42 was lost and, according to indexes of such documents, “never received by [the] House.” This article cites examined records of the Court of Claims, from both the United States Congressional Serial Set and original documents now in the National Archives, which support the contention that there was a completed opinion for Court of Claims Report 42 that was lost sometime during its transfer between the Court and the House. This 150-year-old case – Letitia Humphreys, Administratrix of Andrew Atkinson – was one in a long list of judicial proceedings, involving over 100 claimants, that resulted from the 1812 invasion of Florida by the United States, and that concerned the payment of interest to those compensated under the last clause of the ninth article of the 1819 Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits, Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty. These Florida petitions were examples of early claims actions against the federal government, in many cases after decades of inaction.

Standardized American Indians: The "Names of Indian tribes and bands" list from the Office of Indian Affairs

The inconsistent spelling of American Indian tribal names at the end of the nineteenth century led in part to the development within the Office of Indian Affairs of an array of 270 standardized identifiers, ranging from Absaroka to Zuni. These efforts paralleled the simultaneous improvement of a large suite of relevant terms by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Both compilations were included in style manuals published by the Government Printing Office beginning in 1900 and approved for the use of federal agencies. In 1903 and 1904, Charles J. Kappler, in the preparation of his multi-volume Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, made particular use of this orthography when he created new individual titles for the recognized treaties between the federal government and the Indian Nations. Even with these coordinated attempts, however, versions of the “Names of Indian tribes and bands” register during the last century suffered both exclusions from, and an addition to, the original document from the Office of Indian Affairs.