Charles F. Hockett

Potawatomi I: Phonemics, Morphophonemics, and Morphological Survey

1. Phonemes 2. Morphophonemics 2.1. External Morphophonemics 2.2. Internal Morphophonemics 2.21. Formulae and Symbols 2.22. From Formulae to Phonemics 2.23. Weak-Vowel Loss 2.24. Treatment of Clusters 2.3. Discussion 3. Morphological Survey 3.1. Participation of Morphemes in Bound Forms 3.11. Primary Derivation 3.12. Secondary Derivation 3.13. Possessed Themes 3.2. Participation of Bound Forms in Free Forms 3.21. Noun Inflection 3.22. Nouns Underlying Particles 3.23. Preterital Nouns 3.24. Independent Order of Verbs 3.25. Imperative Order of Verbs 3.26. Conjunct Order of Verbs 3.3. Close-Knit Phrases 3.4. Summary: Classes of Morphemes

Central Algonquian Vocabulary: Stems in /k-/

1. This paper presents all the Proto Central Algonquian forms the writer has been able to reconstruct from the available evidence on the daughter languages, with the following two restrictions: (1) Only stems beginning with roots have been considered. Thus dependent noun stems e. g. Fox -kwisson, as in nekwisa my son), which contain no root and cannot begin a word, are excluded. So are certain secondary stems in which the first element is the third person prefix (e. g. Fox ohcikwanapiwa he kneels, derivative from ohcikwani his knee). Stems beginning with initial change or with reduplication, regular or irregular, are included, since both these phenomena can perhaps best be regarded as deriving roots from other roots. (2) Only stems beginning with /k-/ have been considered. The practical value of these two limitations is that they render it possible to work with manageable segments of the alphabetized vocabularies of the daughter languages. There can be no serious theoretical objection, since PCA *kis the only source of /k-/ in any of the daughter languages here dealt with,1 and PCA *k-

Linguistic Time-Perspective and Its Anthropological Uses

One of the fundamental tasks of anthropology is to study, in as detailed a fashion as possible, those vast chapters of human history which the historical method, in the narrow sense of documentary interpretation, is forced to leave blank. Roughly this means the prehistory of Europe, of the Near and Middle East, and of the Far East, and the aboriginal history of the rest of the world. Ultimately it may be only the sweeping outlines of all this that need be retained on the record. But it is impossible to know in advance whether or not any given small detail will be of germinal importance in deducing those sweeping outlines, and so the anthropological historian cannot, at present, afford to discard any attainable fact, however seemingly trivial. In the absence of written records the variety of techniques for the attainment of time-perspective is enormous, overlapping the domain of the nuclear physicist (carbon-14 dating), the dendrologist (tree-rings), the climatologist, and many other specialists. The anthropological historian can master at most a few of these techniques; he must have the collaboration of many scholars in many fields of scientific endeavor. Thus it is that the anthropological historian has a clear stake in historical linguistic study, and the linguist, whenever engaged in such study, an equally clear responsibility to the anthropological historian. We are not always aware of this responsibility, and in a given instance it may not interest us; it is none the less there, and cannot be ignored. It is with our collective performance of historical linguistics, insofar as it affords the anthropological

Potawatomi II: Derivation, Personal Prefixes, and Nouns

4. Derivation of Nouns and Verbs 4.1. Roots, Medials, and Monomorphemic Stems 4.2. Noun-Forming Finals 4.3. Intransitive Finals 4.4. Intransitive Finals: Reciprocals 4.6. Intransitive Finals: Reflexives 4.6. Intransitive Finals: Passives 4.7. Transitive Finals. 5. Personal Prefixes 6. Nouns 6.1. Gender 6.2. Dependency 6.3. Noun Compounds 6.4. Classification of Noun Stems for Suffixation 6.5. Diminutives and Pejoratives 6.6. Possessed Themes 6.7. Plural, Obviative, and Vocatives 6.8. Locatives 6.9. Preterit

Translation via Immediate Constituents

The following discussion stems from the writers experience in teaching Chinese to speakers of English. It seems to me that what is said here bears a close similarity to recent work by C. F. Voegelin and others (IJAL 19.1-25, 106-17, 1953), as well as to the translation techniques used by Floyd Lounsbury in his Oneida Verb Morphology (YUPA 48, 1953). Such convergence from partially independent lines of endeavor is to be welcomed. I apologize for using a Chinese example here rather than one drawn from some American Indian language. However, I do not control any of the latter languages accurately enough to render the discussion realistic.