Charles Garofalo

Toward a global ethic

The results to date of the contemporary organizational ethics movement are not encouraging; credible, empirical evidence of more ethical individuals and institutions remains to be discovered. This is not surprising, given the daunting nature of organizational change, multiple perspectives toward ethics programs, and the need for transformational, as opposed to transactional, leadership. As currently conceived and executed, ethics training tends to be rule‐oriented, legalistic and superficial, and thus produces cynicism, boredom and passivity. Therefore, proposes an ethics training initiative consisting of a philosophical and an institutional framework, as well as a two‐stage program based on clarification of universal values and justification of organizational policies and practices in light of those values. The philosophical framework is grounded in the unified ethic, which combines deontology, teleology, and virtue, while the institutional framework is grounded in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the work of the Caux Roundtable. The ultimate aim of this ethics training program is to advance global democratic deliberation and decision making in both private and public organizations.

Common ground, common future : moral agency in public administration, professions, and citizenship

The Moral Agent, Moral Organization, and the Public Administrator What Is a Moral Agent? The Special Ethical Aspects of Public Organizations Citizenship and Public Administration The Ethical Environment of Public Administration The Need for Ethical Reasoning in Public Administration Moral Agency, the Public Administrator, and the Private Citizen Moral Agency in the Public Sector The Ideal Public Administrator The Legislators Moral Agency Conflicts of Obligations Bending and Breaking the Rules Moral Whistle-Blowing The Ideal and the Real Ethical Breakdowns in Public Administration Insufficient Commitment Excessive Commitment to Goals Moral Dilemmas The Public Administrator as Strong Evaluator Ethics in Business CSR Opponents of CSR Proponents of CSR Discussion Perspectives on Government Conclusion Managed Care Origins and Structure of Managed Care Moral Challenges of Managed Care Alternative Perspectives on Managed Care The Legal Profession The Clients Interest and the Interests of Justice Moral Obligations Common to the Legal Profession The Legal Profession and Public Service Civil Law Attorneys Committed to Causes Conclusion Higher Education Ethics in the Academy: Level 1 Ethics in the Academy: Level 2 University-Government Partnerships University-Business Partnerships Intercollegiate Athletics Conclusion Unifying Ethical Theory Traditional Ethical Theories The Unity of the Absolutist Theories The Kantian Legislator in the Kingdom of Ends and the Moral Agent The Unified Ethic, Communitarianism, and Individualism Rawls and the Unified Ethic Applying the Unified Ethic to Moral Agency The Moral Agent as Morally Responsible Citizen Insufficient Commitment to Moral Values Transformation and Reconfiguration Moral Agency in Business Use of Foreign, Low-Wage Labor Should Tobacco Companies Exist? The Moral Exemplarship of the Private Executive Moral Agency and the Attorney Encouraging the Process of Moral Agency in the Health Professions Higher Education in the Context of the Kingdom of Ends The Public Agent as Exemplar for the Private Professional: A Dialogue Points of Agreement Geuras: The Public Administrator as Citizen Exemplar Model Does Not Fully Apply to the Private Sector Garofalos Response Summary Common Ground, Common Future Introduction Requirements for Reform Conclusion

Exploring the Demand for PhDs in Public Affairs and Administration

Abstract This study provides a preliminary analysis of the market for PhDs in public affairs and administration projected over the next several years. Drawing on data gathered from three surveys, we explore the demand for academic PhDs (survey 1) and the supply of PhDs (surveys 2 and 3). The analysis of demand is further refined to estimate nonacademic employment (surveys 2 and 3 and examination of job postings). We also explore the diversity of PhD graduates. This kind of analysis is largely missing from the literature and is therefore an important, albeit initial contribution. We found that a gap exists between production of PhDs and the demand for them by universities, and that demand exceeds production. The gap is made much larger, though, because almost half of the PhDs graduating with degrees in public affairs and administration do not take positions in U. S. academia but rather assume positions in federal state and local governments, in the nonprofit sector, in think tanks, and in foreign universities and governments.

With Deference to Woodrow Wilson: The Ethics—Administration Dichotomy in American Public Service

The ethics—administration dichotomy reflects a misinterpretation of the ethical nature of public service. This commentary reframes the dichotomy via a reconsideration of trust in government, a revised conception of administrative responsibility, and a new model of public administration that integrates the requisites of an effective state with those of active citizenship. It concludes that the cognitive and collaborative competencies required for effective public management parallel, precisely, the competencies required for ethical administration.

Can elephants fly? Drucker and governmental reform

The purpose of this article is to explore and evaluate Peter Drucker’s ideas on governmental reform, responsibilities, and management. Through an examination of his writings, as well as the work of a number of public administration scholars, Drucker’s views are analysed and assessed in the context of recent public management literature. The article situates Drucker as a de facto public choice theorist, given his advocacy of privatization and his minimalist position on government, in general. Although he is an internationally‐renowned management theorist, Drucker’s views on the public sector are found wanting on both the theoretical and practical levels. The article concludes that governmental reform is far more complex than Drucker seems to realize, and that it requires a healthy respect for democratic values and the public interest, as well as the principles and practices of modern management.

Governance and Values in Contemporary Public Service

Governance, especially good governance, has become a frequent topic of analysis and debate over development and other policies in the past few years (Aktan and Ozler, 2008;Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith 2005;Weiss 2000). In the process, scholars have found that there is often a disconnect between formal governance structures and procedures and actual decisions, as “pre-existing and deeply embedded understandings and practices survive and continue shaping the way people are ruled” (Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith, 2005). This tension between new institutions and unwanted old practices has been called “the problem of institutional dualism in international development” (Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith, 2005). The position advanced here with regard to public service ethics is that it, too, suffers from its own institutional dualism, resulting in a wide gap between what might be termed de jure ethics and de facto ethics, and that recognizing, let alone narrowing, this gap is a function of our capacity not only to reconcile our disparate definitions of good governance but to infuse such a reconciliation into actual practice. As Brinkerhoff and Goldsmith (2005) ask, who can disagree with accountability, responsiveness, and transparency as attributes of good governance, or disagree with arbitrariness, injustice, and abuse as attributes of poor governance? The challenge lies in contextualizing these qualities, clarifying the values underlying our choices, and reifying those values in the organizations and networks that determine the outcomes of those choices (Pollitt, 2003).

Where Should We Draw the Line?: Governance, Public Values, and Outsourcing National Security

Public administration scholarship tends to assume a broad, underlying consensus on the elements of good governance, including the legitimacy of public values, authority, and action, as well as the presence of opportunities, incentives, and motivations for individual and institutional change. The tenor and trajectory of American public life, however, especially as expressed in the outsourcing of national security, belie such a shared perspective. This essay, therefore, examines the concepts and conflicts embedded in the national security environment via a consideration of public value perspectives, public values and public management, and the key literature on national security outsourcing. Finally, with an eye toward possible change, the essay concludes with a recommendation for empirical, as well as normative, multidisciplinary, and multinational research projects, in order to advance our understanding of national security outsourcing and to promote an advocacy and action reform agenda.

From One Utopia to Another: Kant, Spicer, and Moral Agency

This essay explains, contextualizes, and integrates three distinct and practical utopias—Kant’s Kingdom of Ends, a covenant between practitioners and scholars, and a balance between organizational unity and individual integrity. The integration of these utopias can lead to the creation of a common utopia that, in turn, can provide a foundation for the enactment of moral agency in public service. While individual and institutional change tends to be slow and difficult, this reframed reform agenda, which can potentially unite practitioners, scholars, and competing political interests, is key to an invigorated citizenship, pursuit of the common good, and an enduring commitment to the public interest and democratic governance.