Charles Huamaní

PRODUCCIÓN CIENTíFICA PERUANA EN MEDICINA Y REDES DE COLAbORACIÓN, ANÁLISIS DEL SCIENCE CITATION INDEX 2000-2009

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir la produccion cientifica peruana en revistas indizadas en el Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) y las caracteristicas de las redes de colaboracion institucional. Materiales y metodos. Se incluyo todos los articulos publicados en la base de datos ISI (coleccion Clinical Medicine) en el periodo 2000 a 2009 con al menos un autor con filiacion Peru. Se evaluo la tendencia de publicacion, procedencia del autor corresponsal, tipo de articulo, institucion, ciudad (solo para Peru) y pais. Se analizo las redes de colaboracion usando el programa Pajek ®. Resultados. Se encontro 1210 articulos, hubo un incremento de 61 en el 2000 a 200 en el 2009 (promedio 121 articulos/ ano). El autor corresponsal fue de una institucion peruana en el 30,4% de los casos. El promedio de autores por articulo fue de 8,3. Los articulos de investigacion representaron el 82,1% del total. Las revistas que concentraron la mayor cantidad de articulos fueron relacionados a enfermedades infecciosas. Los principales paises que colaboran con Peru son: Estados Unidos de Norteamerica (60,4%), Inglaterra (12,9%) y Brasil (8,0%). Lima concentro el 94,7% de las publicaciones y no se registro publicaciones procedentes de tres regiones (Huancavelica, Moquegua y Tacna). Solo dos universidades produjeron mas de un articulo/ano y cuatro instituciones produjeron mas de 10 articulos/ano. La Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia participo en el 45% de articulos siendo la institucion mas productiva y que concentra la mayor cantidad de colaboraciones con instituciones extranjeras. El Ministerio de Salud –con todas sus dependencias– participo con el 37,3% del total. Existe mayor nivel de colaboracion con instituciones extranjeras que entre nacionales. Conclusiones. La produccion cientifica peruana en medicina representada en la base ISI es escasa pero en crecimiento, esta concentrada en Lima y en pocas instituciones. Las instituciones peruanas mas productivas colaboran mas intensamente con instituciones extranjeras que con nacionales.

Redes de colaboración y producción científica sudamericana en medicina clínica, ISI Current Contents 2000-2009

BACKGROUND International collaboration is increasingly used in biomedical research. AIM To describe the characteristics of scientific production in Latin America and the main international collaboration networks for the period 2000 to 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS Search for papers generated in Latin American countries in the Clinical Medicine database of ISI Web of Knowledge v.4.10 - Current Contents Connect. The country of origin of the corresponding author was considered the producing country of the paper. International collaboration was analyzed calculating the number of countries that contributed to the generation of a particular paper. Collaboration networks were graphed to determine the centrality of each network. RESULTS Twelve Latin American countries participated in the production of 253,362 papers. The corresponding author was South American in 79% of these papers. Sixteen percent of papers were on clinical medicine and 36% of these were carried out in collaboration. Brazil had the highest production (22,442 papers) and the lower percentage of international collaboration (31%). North America accounts for 63% of collaborating countries. Only 8% of collaboration is between South American countries. Brazil has the highest tendency to collaborate with other South American countries. CONCLUSIONS Brazil is the South American country with the highest scientific production and indicators of centrality in South America. The most common collaboration networks are with North American countries.

Evolution of coauthorship networks: worldwide scientific production on leishmaniasis

INTRODUCTION Collaboration is one of the defining features of contemporary scientific research, and it is particularly important with regard to neglected diseases that primarily affect developing countries. METHODS The present study has identified publications on leishmaniasis in the Medline database from 1945 to 2010, analyzing them according to bibliometric indicators and statistics from social network analysis. Examining aspects such as scientific production, diachronic evolution, and collaboration and configuration of the research groups in the field, we have considered the different types of Leishmania studied and the institutional affiliation and nationality of the authors. RESULTS Seven-hundred and thirty-five authors participate in 154 prominent research clusters or groups. Although the most predominant and consolidated collaborations are characterized by members from the same country studying the same type of Leishmania, there are also notable links between authors from different countries or who study different clinical strains of the disease. Brazil took the lead in this research, with numerous Brazilian researchers heading different clusters in the center of the collaboration network. Investigators from the USA, India, and European countries, such as France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Italy, also stand out within the network. CONCLUSIONS Research should be fostered in countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Ethiopia, where there is a high prevalence of different forms of the disease but limited research development with reference authors integrated into the collaboration networks.

Correlación y concordancia entre el examen nacional de medicina y el promedio ponderado universitario: análisis de la experiencia peruana en el periodo 2007 - 2009

Objectives: To evaluate the correlation and concordance between the ‘Peruvian National Exam of Medicine’ (ENAM) and the Mean Grade Point Average (GPA) in recently graduated medical students in the period 2007 to 2009. Materials and Methods: We carried out a secondary data analysis, using the records of the physicians applying to the Rural and Urban Marginal Service in Health of Peru (SERUMS) processes for the years 2008 to 2010. We extracted from these registers, the grades obtained in the ENAM and GPA. We performed a descriptive analysis using medians and 1 st and 3 rd quartiles (q1/q3); we calculated the correlation between both scores using the Spearman correlation coefficient, additionally, we conducted a lineal regression analysis, and the concordance was measured using the Bland and Altman coefficient. Results: A total of 6 117 physicians were included, the overall median for the GPA was 13.4 (12.7/14.2) and for the ENAM was 11.6 (10.2/13.0).Of the total assessed, 36.8% failed the TEST. We observed an increase in annual median of ENAM scores, with the consequent decrease in the difference between both grades. The correlation between ENAM and PPU is direct and moderate (0.582), independent from the year, type of university management (Public or Private) and location. However, the concordance between both ratings is regular, with a global coefficient of 0.272 (CI 95%: 0.260 to 0.284). Conclusions: Independently of the year, location or type of university management, there is a moderate correlation between the ENAM and the PPU; however, there is only a regular concordance between both grades.

Evolution of Cooperation Patterns in Psoriasis Research: Co-Authorship Network Analysis of Papers in Medline (1942-2013).

Background Although researchers have worked in collaboration since the origins of modern science and the publication of the first scientific journals in the eighteenth century, this phenomenon has acquired exceptional importance in the last several decades. Since the mid-twentieth century, new knowledge has been generated from within an ever-growing network of investigators, working cooperatively in research groups across countries and institutions. Cooperation is a crucial determinant of academic success. Objective The aim of the present paper is to analyze the evolution of scientific collaboration at the micro level, with regard to the scientific production generated on psoriasis research. Methods A bibliographic search in the Medline database containing the MeSH terms “psoriasis” or “psoriatic arthritis” was carried out. The search results were limited to articles, reviews and letters. After identifying the co-authorships of documents on psoriasis indexed in the Medline database (1942–2013), various bibliometric indicators were obtained, including the average number of authors per document and degree of multi-authorship over time. In addition, we performed a network analysis to study the evolution of certain features of the co-authorship network as a whole: average degree, size of the largest component, clustering coefficient, density and average distance. We also analyzed the evolution of the giant component to characterize the changing research patterns in the field, and we calculated social network indicators for the nodes, namely betweenness and closeness. Results The main active research clusters in the area were identified, along with their authors of reference. Our analysis of 28,670 documents sheds light on different aspects related to the evolution of scientific collaboration in the field, including the progressive increase in the mean number of co-authors (which stood at 5.17 in the 2004–2013 decade), and the rise in multi-authored papers signed by many different authors (in the same decade, 25.77% of the documents had between 6 and 9 co-authors, and 10.28% had 10 or more). With regard to the network indicators, the average degree gradually increased up to 10.97 in the study period. The percentage of authors pertaining to the largest component also rose to 73.02% of the authors. The clustering coefficient, on the other hand, remained stable throughout the entire 70-year period, with values hovering around 0.9. Finally, the average distance peaked in the decades 1974–1983 (8.29) and 1984–2003 (8.12) then fell over the next two decades, down to 5.25 in 2004–2013. The construction of the co-authorship network (threshold of collaboration ≥ 10 co-authored works) revealed a giant component of 161 researchers, containing 6 highly cohesive sub-components. Conclusions Our study reveals the existence of a growing research community in which collaboration is increasingly important. We can highlight an essential feature associated with scientific collaboration: multi-authored papers, with growing numbers of collaborators contributing to them, are becoming more and more common, therefore the formation of research groups of increasing depth (specialization) and breadth (multidisciplinarity) is now a cornerstone of research success.

SOUTH AMERICAN COLLABORATION IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS ON LEISHMANIASIS: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS IN SCOPUS (2000-2011)

Objectives: Evaluate the production and the research collaborative network on Leishmaniasis in South America. Methods: A bibliometric research was carried out using SCOPUS database. The analysis unit was original research articles published from 2000 to 2011, that dealt with leishmaniasis and that included at least one South American author. The following items were obtained for each article: journal name, language, year of publication, number of authors, institutions, countries, and others variables. Results: 3,174 articles were published, 2,272 of them were original articles. 1,160 different institutional signatures, 58 different countries and 398 scientific journals were identified. Brazil was the country with more articles (60.7%) and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) had 18% of Brazilian production, which is the South American nucleus of the major scientific network in Leishmaniasis. Conclusions: South American scientific production on Leishmaniasis published in journals indexed in SCOPUS is focused on Brazilian research activity. It is necessary to strengthen the collaboration networks. The first step is to identify the institutions with higher production, in order to perform collaborative research according to the priorities of each country.

PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y REDES DE COLABORACIÓN EN CÁNCER EN EL PERÚ 2000-2011: UN ESTUDIO BIBLIOMÉTRICO EN SCOPUS Y SCIENCE CITATION INDEX

A bibliometric study was carried out to describe the scientific production on cancer written by Peruvians and published in international health journals, as well as to assess the scientific collaboration networks. It included articles on cancer written in Peru between the years 2000 and 2011 and published in health journals indexed in SCOPUS or Science Citation Index Expanded. In the 358 articles identified, an increase in the production was seen, from 4 articles in 2000 to 57 in 2011.The most studied types were cervical cancer (77 publications); breast cancer (53), and gastric cancer (37). The National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN) was the most productive institution (121 articles) and had the highest number of collaborations (180 different institutions). 52 clinical trials were identified, 29 of which had at least one author from INEN. We can conclude that, cancer research is increasing in Peru, the INEN being the most productive institution, with an important participation in clinical trials.

Dominance and leadership in research activities: Collaboration between countries of differing human development is reflected through authorship order and designation as corresponding authors in scientific publications

Introduction Scientific collaboration is an important mechanism that enables the integration of the least developed countries into research activities. In the present study, we use the order of author signatures and addresses for correspondence in scientific publications as variables to analyze the interactions between countries of very high (VHHD), high (HHD), medium (MHD), and low human development (LHD). Methodology We identified all documents published between 2011 and 2015 in journals included in the Science Citation Index-Expanded categories’ of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, and Pediatrics. We then classified the countries participating in the publications according to their Human Development Index (HDI), analyzing the international collaboration; positioning and influence of some countries over others in cooperative networks; their leadership; and the impact of the work based on the HDI and the type of collaboration. Results We observed a high degree of international collaboration in all the areas analyzed, in the case of both LHD and MHD countries. We identified numerous cooperative links between VHHD countries and MHD/LHD countries, reflecting the fact that cooperative links are an important mechanism for integrating research activities into the latter. The countries with large emerging economies, such as Brazil and China stand out due to the dominance they exert in the collaborations established with the United States, the UK, and other European countries. The analysis of the leadership role of the countries, measured by the frequency of lead authorships, shows limited participation by MHD/LHD countries. This reduced participation among less developed countries is further accentuated by their limited presence in the addresses for correspondence. We observed significant statistical differences in the degree of citation according to the HDI of the participating countries. Conclusions The order of signatures and the address for correspondence in scientific publications are bibliographic characteristics that facilitate a precise, in-depth analysis of cooperative practices and their associations with concepts like dominance or leadership. This is useful to monitor the existing balance in research participation in health research publications.

Maltrato infantil y del adolescente registrado en un hospital de referencia nacional, 2006 - 2011

Objectives. To describe the records of child and adolescent abuse of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino (INSN) from January 2006 to September 2011, characterizing the victim and perpetrator. Materials and methods. A secondary sources analysis was performed, based on the domestic violence and child abuse records, from froms administered by Child Abuse and Adolescent Health Unit (MAMIS) at the INSN. The records include data of the victim, offender and characteristics of the aggression. Types of aggression were categorized as: sexual, physical, psychological or neglection. frequencies and percentages are presented. Results. A total of 1798 records were included. from them 63.9% were girls, and 39.9% were adolescents. Males accounted for 60.6% of the offenders, and 65.8% of assaults occurred at home. Sexual assault was recorded in 48.6%, with more frequency among girls (73.2%) and adolescents (44.4%); and intercourse occurred in 9.6% of the cases. Conclusions. from the INSN MAMIS records, aggressions to girls was the most frequent type of report, the aggressor was often a male and most of the attacks occurred in the child’s home. Sexual assault accounted for almost half of the series.

Análisis de la producción, visibilidad y citación de la Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 2002 - 2009

Biomedical journals are the most used and important venue to disseminate and interchange scientific information, and evaluation is an important component. A bibliometric study was conducted on the productivity, visibility and citation analysis of the Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica (RPMESP), from 2002 to 2009. During this period, the RPMESP published about 62 documents per year, 55.3% were research articles. The visibility of RPMESP, determined among three databases (SISBIB-UNMSM, SciELO-Peru, and REDALYC), was irregular, increasing on July 2006, with the highest access on October 2009 (117,618 hits). 43.0% of publications were cited. The calculated impact factor in ISI journals was 0.04 in 2009. In conclusion, the citation of RPMESP shows a slowly growing during the period 2002-2009. It is hoped that the RPMESP increase its visibility and impact after its inclusion in MEDLINE.