Charles R. Figley

Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: a validation study.

Few studies have focused on caring professionals and their emotional exhaustion from working with traumatized clients, referred to as compassion fatigue (CF). The present study had 2 goals: (a) to assess the psychometric properties of a CF scale, and (b) to examine the scales predictive validity in a multivariate model. The data came from a survey of social workers living in New York City following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Factor analyses indicated that the CF scale measured multiple dimensions. After overlapping items were eliminated, the scale measured 2 key underlying dimensions--secondary trauma and job burnout. In a multivariate model, these dimensions were related to psychological distress, even after other risk factors were controlled. The authors discuss the results in light of increasing the ability of professional caregivers to meet the emotional needs of their clients within a stressful environment without experiencing CF.

Development and Validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale

Objective: To describe the development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), a 17-item instrument designed to measure intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms associated with indirect exposure to traumatic events via one’s professional relationships with traumatized clients. Method: A sample of 287 licensed social workers completed a mailed survey containing the STSS and other relevant survey items. Results: Evidence was found for reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and factorial validity. Conclusions: The STSS fills a need for reliable and valid instruments specifically designed to measure the negative effects of social work practice with traumatized populations. The instrument may be used to undertake empirical investigation into the prevention and amelioration of secondary traumatic stress among social work practitioners.

Secondary Traumatic Stress Effects of Working With Survivors of Criminal Victimization

This paper focuses on the consequences for providers of working with survivors of traumatic events, particularly criminal victimization. The paper reviews the relevant research and treatment literature associated with secondary traumatic stress (STS) and related variables (burnout, compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma, and countertransference). The latter part of the paper identifies the most important mitigating factors in the development of STS. These include good training specific to trauma work, a personal history of trauma, and the interpersonal resources of the worker. Implications for treatment, prevention, and research are discussed.

Helping traumatized families

Part I: Understanding the Impact of Trauma on Families. The Family as a Living System. Individual Responses to Trauma. Spreading Beyond the Individual: Family Adaption to Stress and Trauma. Part II: Empowering Families. Foundations of the Empowerment Treatment Approach. Phase I: Joining the Family. Phase II: Understanding and Framing the Familys Trauma Response. Phase III: Building Healing Skills. Phase IV: Sharing and Healing. Phase V: Moving Forward. Part III: Empowering Family Trauma Therapists. The Family Trauma Therapist. Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Forward. References.

Strangers at home : Vietnam veterans since the war

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Stumbling Block or Stepping Stone: Path Analysis in Family Studies.

Most importantly this paper is intended to serve as a useful guide both for the careful planning of future investigations and for the evaluation of completed studies using path analysis. It is hoped that reanalysis of previous path models and of data suitable for path analytic techniques will be stimulated. Also the paper may be a convenient initial reference for family scholars interested in learning more about path analysis. (excerpt)

Adverse Reactions Associated With Studying Persons Recently Exposed to Mass Urban Disaster

This study assesses the psychological consequences of participation in a mental health study among people recently exposed to the September 11 attacks. Using cross-sectional telephone surveys, we interviewed random samples of English-speaking or Spanish-speaking adults living in New York City during the attacks 1 year after this event. Altogether, 2,368 people completed the surveys, including a random sample of 1,173 respondents who received mental health services after the attacks. Results indicated that 15% of New Yorkers found some of the survey questions stressful, whereas 28% of those who sought treatment found this to be the case. However, less than 2% reported being upset at survey completion, and among these persons, only four people consented to speak to the studys mental health consultant. Although the majority of those expressing adverse reactions had sought postdisaster treatment, even among these subjects, only 3% were still upset at survey completion, and 2% wanted more information about counseling services. In addition, more than 70% of participants expressed positive sentiments about survey participation. Predictive models indicated that respondents who met study criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety were more likely to find questions stressful, with people having posttraumatic stress disorder or depression the most likely to be upset and to consent to psychiatric consultation at completion. We suggest that, with the proper safeguards, research with persons exposed to a resent mass urban disaster generally can be conducted safely and effectively.

Beyond the “Victim”

A local elementary-school janitor walked into a cafeteria in Florida in the United States, filled with chattering schoolchildren, and shot his supervisor in the chest with a shotgun. As a children and teachers watched in horror, the murderer left the room, fired the remaining shot over the playground, and left the campus. The county sheriff’s office caught the man within an hour. The elementary school implemented its “code blue” system, which kept all children safely in their classrooms, while school counselors from throughout the county converged to provide crisis counseling. School officials informed parents of the events and provided suggestions for helping their children overcome the extreme event. Indeed, the plans for protecting children and promoting their emotional recovery were state-of-the-art, and the school system carried them out effectively. All the “victims” were cared for. All, except the parents of the children. However, they, too, were confronted with the frightening experience. They listened to the stories of the children and the officials. They identified with the reactions of their children. And they felt angry and frightened.

Child Density and the Marital Relationship.

The parent-child relationship has enjoyed a great deal of attention within the last half of this century. Psychologists, sociologists, and other students of the family have produced reams of research articles and developed a multitude of instruments, scales, and indices that identify the importance of the parents as predictors of their childrens behavior. Parents have been bombarded with manuals, booklets, film strips, and slogans warning them of their influence.

Compassion fatigue among chaplains, clergy, and other respondents after September 11th

From the *American Red Cross, New York, New York; †The HealthCareChaplaincy, New York, New York; ‡The Traumatology Institute in theSchool of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.Send reprint requests to Rabbi Roberts, c/o HCC 307 E. 60th Street, NYC, NY10022Copyright