Charlotte M. Taylor

Responses of Tree Species to Hurricane Winds in Subtropical Wet Forest in Puerto Rico: Implications for Tropical Tree Life Histories

JESS K. ZIMMERMAN,* EDWIN M. EVERHAM III,t ROBERT B. WAIDE,* D. JEAN LODGE,*? CHARLOTTE M. TAYLOR,t** and NICHOLAS V. L. BROKAW? *Terrestrial Ecology Division, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 363682, San Juan, PR 00936, tSUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA, IDepartment of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 00931, ?Manomet Observatory, Box 1770, Manomet, MA 02345, USA

LAND USE HISTORY, ENVIRONMENT, AND TREE COMPOSITION IN A TROPICAL FOREST

The effects of historical land use on tropical forest must be examined to understand present forest characteristics and to plan conservation strategies. We compared the effects of past land use, topography, soil type, and other environmental variables on tree species composition in a subtropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. The study involved stems > 10 cm diameter measured at 130 cm above the ground, within the 16-ha Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFDP), and represents the forest at the time Hurricane Hugo struck in 1989. Topography in the plot is rugged, and soils are variable. Historical documents and local residents described past land uses such as clear-felling and selective logging followed by farming, fruit and coffee production, and timber stand im- provement in the forest area that now includes the LFDP. These uses ceased 40-60 yr before the study, but their impacts could be differentiated by percent canopy cover seen in aerial photographs from 1936. Using these photographs, we defined four historic cover classes within the LFDP. These ranged from cover class 1, the least tree-covered area in 1936, to cover class 4, with the least intensive historic land use (selective logging and timber stand improvement). In 1989, cover class 1 had the lowest stem density and pro- portion of large stems, whereas cover class 4 had the highest basal area, species richness, and number of rare and endemic species. Ordination of tree species composition (89 species, 13 167 stems) produced arrays that primarily corresponded to the four cover classes (i.e., historic land uses). The ordination arrays corresponded secondarily to soil characteristics and topography. Natural disturbances (hurricanes, landslides, and local treefalls) affected tree composition, but these effects did not correlate with the major patterns of species distributions on the plot. Thus, it appears that forest development and natural disturbance have not masked the effects of historical land use in this tropical forest, and that past land use was the major influence on the patterns of tree composition in the plot in 1989. The least disturbed stand harbors more rare and endemic species, and such stands should be protected.

Evolutionary Time for Dispersal Limits the Extent but Not the Occupancy of Species' Potential Ranges in the Tropical Plant Genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae)

Explaining the diversity in geographic range sizes among species is a central goal of ecological and evolutionary studies. We tested species age as an explanation of range size variation within a group of understory shrubs in the Neotropics (Psychotria subgenus Psychotria, Rubiaceae). We distinguish between range occupancy (filling an occupied area) and range extent (maximum distances dispersed). We used Bayesian relaxed‐clock dating of molecular sequence data to estimate the relative age of species, and we used species distribution modeling to predict species’ potential ranges. If the range sizes of species are limited by time for dispersal, we hypothesize that older species should have (1) larger realized range occupancies and realized range extents than younger species, (2) filled a greater proportion of their potential range occupancies, and (3) colonized a greater proportion of their potential range extents. We found (1) a significant but weak positive relationship between species age versus both realized range occupancy and realized range extent, (2) no relationship between species age and filling of potential range occupancies, but (3) that older species had colonized a significantly greater proportion of their potential range extents than younger species. Our results indicate that a time‐for‐dispersal effect can limit the extent of ranges of species but not necessarily their occupancies.

A New Generic Classification of Tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)1

Abstract The history of classification of the tribe Bignonieae and its genera are reviewed as context for a comprehensive new genus-level classification of the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae, Lamiales). This new classification is based on a well-supported phylogeny based on multiple molecular markers from both chloroplast and nuclear DNA, a morphological survey, and a broad sampling of taxa. Genera are circumscribed here as clades that are well supported as monophyletic by molecular data and also recognizable by one or more morphological synapomorphies. Perianthomega Bureau ex Baill. is here transferred from Bignoniaceae tribe Tecomeae into Bignonieae, and 21 genera and a total of 393 species are recognized in Bignonieae: Adenocalymma Mart. ex Meisn. (82 species), Amphilophium Kunth (47), Anemopaegma Mart. ex Meisn. (45), Bignonia L. (28), Callichlamys Miq. (1), Cuspidaria DC. (19), Dolichandra Cham. (8), Fridericia Mart. (67), Lundia DC. (13), Manaosella J. C. Gomes (1), Mansoa DC. (12), Martinella Baill. (2), Neojobertia Baill. (2), Pachyptera DC. ex Meisn. (4), Perianthomega (1), Pleonotoma Miers (17), Pyrostegia C. Presl (2), Stizophyllum Miers (3), Tanaecium Sw. (17), Tynanthus Miers (15), and Xylophragma Sprague (7). Several genera are here circumscribed differently from previous classifications, in particular Memora Miers and Sampaiella J. C. Gomes are synonymized with Adenocalymma; Distictella Kuntze, Distictis Mart. ex Meisn., Glaziova Bureau, Pithecoctenium Mart. ex DC., and Urbanolophium Melch. are synonymized with Amphilophium; Cydista Miers, Clytostoma Miers ex Bureau, Macranthisiphon Bureau ex K. Schum., Mussatia Bureau ex Baill., Phryganocydia Mart. ex Bureau, Potamoganos Sandwith, Roentgenia Urb., and Saritaea Dugand are synonymized with Bignonia; Macfadyena A. DC., Melloa Bureau, and Parabignonia Bureau ex K. Schum. are synonymized with Dolichandra; Arrabidaea DC. is synonymized with Fridericia; Gardnerodoxa Sandwith is synonymized with Neojobertia; Leucocalantha Barb. Rodr. is synonymized with Pachyptera; and Ceratophytum Pittier, Periarrabidaea A. Samp., Paragonia Bureau, Pseudocatalpa A. H. Gentry, and Spathicalyx J. C. Gomes are synonymized with Tanaecium. The genera Adenocalymma, Amphilophium, Fridericia, Dolichandra, and Tanaecium are formally emended here as to diagnosis and circumscription. A natural key, complete morphological descriptions, and illustrations characterize the accepted genera, and full generic synonymy and a catalogue of their component species summarize their basic nomenclature and geographic range. Three new names are published: B. neouliginosa L. G. Lohmann replaces Phryganocydia uliginosa Dugand; B. neoheterophylla L. G. Lohmann replaces Cydista heterophylla Seibert; and Tanaecium neobrasiliense L. G. Lohmann replaces Sanhilaria brasiliensis Baill. Thirty-two generic names are newly synonymized, and 144 new nomenclatural combinations are made. A lectotype is designated for one genus, Periarrabidaea A. Samp., and 78 species names. One species name is neotypified, Memora campicola Pilg. (≡ Adenocalymma campicola (Pilg.) L. G. Lohmann).

Detection of toxic monofluoroacetate in Palicourea species.

Numerous plant species worldwide including some Palicourea (Rubiaceae), Tanaecium (Bignoniaceae), and Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) species in Brazil cause sudden death and are known to contain monofluoroacetate (MFA). Two species of Palicourea, Palicourea aenofusca and Palicourea marcgravii, cause sudden death and are reported to contain MFA while other Palicourea species are reported to cause sudden death in livestock and are suspected to contain MFA due to the similarity in clinical signs. Using an HPLC-APCI-MS method to detect MFA, herbarium specimens representing 46 Palicourea taxa were screened for the presence of MFA. Additionally we screened five Psychotria taxa that are closely related to Palicourea species. Ten species of Palicourea were identified that contained MFA, two previously reported and eight newly reported here; these are closely related to each other, though some other related species did not contain MFA.

Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXV: The Nocturnally Flowering Psychotria domingensis-Coussarea hondensis Group Plus Three Other Mesoamerican Psychotria Species Transfer to Palicourea

Abstract Several Neotropical shrubs and trees variously classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm., Palicourea Aubl., and Coussarea Aubl. (Rubiaceae) share persistent stipules, apparently nocturnal flowers, well-developed white corollas with long tubes, and well-developed drupaceous fruits with two plano-convex pyrenes that generally have rather thin walls and are dorsally smooth or angled; additionally, most of these species have reduced stipules and relatively large fruits. The separation of Psychotria and Coussarea has been problematic at least in Central America, but removal here of six species from Coussarea leaves that genus characterized morphologically by 4-merous flowers and fruits with a single seed. Recent morphological and molecular surveys indicate that Palicourea and most species of Psychotria subg. Heteropsychotria comprise a single evolutionary group. These nocturnally flowering species all have the morphological features of Palicourea in this expanded circumscription and are here transferred to Palicourea along with three additional species from Mexico and Guatemala with relatively large, apparently hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Corresponding new combinations and names are published for several of these: Palicourea alajuelensis C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea austin-smithii Standl.; Palicourea beachiana C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea nigrescens C. M. Taylor & Hammel; Palicourea breedlovei (Lorence) Lorence is based on Psychotria breedlovei Lorence; Palicourea calidicola (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria calidicola C. M. Taylor; Palicourea chrysocalymma (L. O. Williams) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria chrysocalymma L. O. Williams; Palicourea diguana (Standl. ex Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis diguana Standl. ex Steyerm.; Palicourea eurycarpa (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria eurycarpa Standl.; Palicourea faxlucens (Lorence & Dwyer) Lorence is based on Psychotria faxlucens Lorence & Dwyer; Palicourea grandifructa (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea grandifructa C. M. Taylor; Palicourea heydei (Standl.) Lorence is based on Psychotria heydei Standl.; Palicourea hondensis (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria hondensis Standl.; Palicourea mediocris (Standl. & Steyerm.) Lorence is based on Coussarea mediocris Standl. & Steyerm.; Palicourea megalantha (Lorence) Lorence is based on Psychotria megalantha Lorence; Palicourea nebulosa (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea nebulosa Dwyer; Palicourea neopurpusii C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria purpusii Standl.; Palicourea psychotrioides (C. M. Taylor & Hammel) C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea psychotrioides C. M. Taylor & Hammel; Palicourea roseocremea (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is based on Coussarea roseocremea Dwyer; Palicourea sousae (Lorence & Dwyer) Lorence is based on Psychotria sousae Lorence & Dwyer; Palicourea tetragona (Donn. Sm.) C. M. Taylor & Lorence is based on Cephaelis tetragona Donn. Sm.; Palicourea thornei (Lorence) Lorence is based on Psychotria thornei Lorence; Palicourea tutensis (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria tutensis Dwyer; and Palicourea umbelliformis (Dwyer & M. V. Hayden) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria umbelliformis Dwyer & M. V. Hayden. The new species Palicourea pereziana C. M. Taylor is similar to these other nocturnally flowering species, and separated from Palicourea roseocremea by its smaller flowers and distribution in southern Costa Rica. Neotypes are designated for Palicourea domingensis (Jacq.) DC. (Psychotria domingensis Jacq.) and Palicourea gardenioides (Scheidw.) Hemsl. (Rhodostoma gardenioides Scheidw.).

Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama XXXIII: The New Group Palicourea sect. Didymocarpae with Four New Species and Two New Subspecies (Palicoureeae)

Abstract.  Morphological and molecular studies show that many of the species classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. belong to Palicourea Aubl. Accordingly, most of the species of Psychotria sect. Didymocarpos Steyerm. plus several additional species are transferred to the new Palicourea sect. Didymocarpae C. M. Taylor; however, the type species of Steyermarks section, Psychotria bahiensis DC., does not have the diagnostic fruit and pyrene morphology and is excluded. Palicourea sect. Didymocarpae includes 17 species found from central Mexico and the Antilles to northeastern South America and Bolivia and is diagnosed by its didymous fruits with two subglobose pyrenes that are smooth abaxially and have thin-textured walls. New combinations are made: Palicourea boraginoides (Dwyer) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria acuminata Benth. subsp. boraginoides Dwyer; Palicourea candelabrum (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria candelabrum Standl.; Palicourea ceratantha (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria ceratantha Standl.; Palicourea compta (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria compta Standl.; Palicourea cuspidata (Bredem. ex Schult.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria cuspidata Bredem. ex Schult.; Palicourea cuspidulata (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis cuspidulata K. Krause; Palicourea huampamiensis (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria huampamiensis C. M. Taylor; Palicourea jauaensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria jauaensis Steyerm.; Palicourea pandensis (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria pandensis Standl.; Palicourea rhodothamna (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria rhodothamna Standl.; Palicourea spicata (Kuntze) C. M. Taylor is based on Uragoga spicata Kuntze, a replacement name for the illegitimate name Psychotria spicata Müll. Arg.; and Palicourea subcuspidata (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria subcuspidata Müll. Arg. and includes Psychotria cornigera Benth., recognized as a separate species from Psychotria bahiensis. Flowers are described for the first time for Palicourea candelabrum, and the circumscriptions of Palicourea acuminata (Benth.) Borhidi, Palicourea compta, and Palicourea rhodothamna are revised. The new species Palicourea andina C. M. Taylor is found in western Panama and the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and distinguished from Palicourea cuspidata by its corollas that lack abaxial horns on the lobes; two subspecies are separated, Palicourea andina subsp. panamensis C. M. Taylor in Panama and the typical subspecies in the Andes. The new species Palicourea diminuta C. M. Taylor of the Guianas and adjacent northeastern Brazil is distinguished by its small straight corollas. The new species Palicourea madidiensis C. M. Taylor of southern Peru and Bolivia differs from Palicourea acuminata in its corolla lobes with small abaxial projections and its habitat at higher elevations. The new species Palicourea sanluisensis C. M. Taylor of northwestern Colombia differs from Palicourea acuminata in its stiff-textured leaves, corollas with small abaxial thickenings on the lobes, and habitat on sandstone substrates. The new subspecies Palicourea cuspidata subsp. occidentalis C. M. Taylor is found in mountain forests of Colombia and northern Ecuador and is disjunct from the typical subspecies. The names Cephaelis cuspidulata and Declieuxia psychotrioides DC. are lectotypified.

Monofluoroacetate-Containing Plants That Are Potentially Toxic to Livestock

Many plants worldwide contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death in livestock. These plants are primarily found in the southern continents of Africa, Australia, and South America, where they negatively affect livestock production. This review highlights past and current research investigating (1) the plants reported to contain monofluoroacetate and cause sudden death; (2) the mode of action, clinical signs, and pathology associated with poisoning by monofluoroacetate-containing plants; (3) chemical methods for the analysis of monofluoroacetate in plants; (4) the coevolution of native flora and fauna in Western Australia with respect to monofluoroacetate-containing plants; and (5) methods to mitigate livestock losses caused by monofluoroacetate-containing plants.

Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXXIV: The New Group Palicourea sect. Tricephalium with Eight New Species and a New Subspecies (Palicoureeae)

Abstract.  Many of the species classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. have been shown based on morphological and molecular characters to belong to Palicourea Aubl. (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae), including the species of Psychotria ser. Appunianae Steyerm., Mapouria Aubl. sect. Nothocephaelis Müll. Arg., and Mapouria sect. Tricephalium Müll. Arg. Accordingly, these are transferred here to the new section Palicourea sect. Tricephalium (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, which includes 35 species found from southern Nicaragua to Bolivia and Paraguay, and is diagnosed by its rather thick-textured leaves with well-developed intersecondary veins that are extensively reticulated and inflorescences with the flowers sessile in small to large heads that are enclosed by well-developed bracts. The species are separated into three informal groups, the Palicourea conephoroides group, the Palicourea flaviflora group, and the Palicourea sessilis group. The following new species-level combinations are made here: Palicourea boyanii (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria boyanii Steyerm.; Palicourea cenepensis (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria cenepensis C. M. Taylor; Palicourea conephoroides (Rusby) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis conephoroides Rusby; Palicourea costanensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria costanensis Steyerm.; Palicourea crassifolia (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis crassifolia Standl.; Palicourea ernestii (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis ernestii K. Krause; Palicourea flaviflora (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on Uragoga flaviflora K. Krause; Palicourea heteroneura (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria heteroneura Steyerm.; Palicourea hypochlorina (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria hypochlorina C. M. Taylor; Palicourea jenmanii (Wernham) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis jenmanii Wernham; Palicourea jervisei (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis jervisei Standl.; Palicourea kaieteurensis (Wernham) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis kaieteurensis Wernham; Palicourea oleandrella (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis oleandrella Standl.; Palicourea ownbeyi (Standl. ex C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria ownbeyi Standl. ex C. M. Taylor; Palicourea pleiocephala (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria pleiocephala Müll. Arg.; Palicourea schraderoides (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on U. schraderoides K. Krause; Palicourea schunkei (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria schunkei C. M. Taylor; Palicourea sessilis (Vell.) C. M. Taylor is based on Coffea sessilis Vell. (not Psychotria sessilis Vell.); Palicourea speluncae (Standl. & Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria speluncae Standl. & Steyerm.; Palicourea tepuiensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis tepuiensis Steyerm.; Palicourea triadica (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Mapouria triadica Müll. Arg.; Palicourea tricephala (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on M. tricephala Müll. Arg.; and Palicourea zevallosii (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria zevallosii C. M. Taylor. The following new names are published here: Palicourea arenosa C. M. Taylor replaces the name Cephaelis cuatrecasasii Standl. ex Steyerm.; Palicourea jungiana C. M. Taylor replaces the name Psychotria longipes Müll. Arg.; Palicourea perinsignis C. M. Taylor replaces the name M. insignis Müll. Arg.; and Palicourea yneziae C. M. Taylor replaces the name Rudgea mexiae Standl. The following new species are described here: Palicourea grandiceps C. M. Taylor is found in the Amazon basin in Colombia and Ecuador and has previously been confused with Palicourea arenosa; Palicourea lewisiorum C. M. Taylor is found in Amazonian Ecuador and Peru and has previously been confused with Palicourea flaviflora; Palicourea neillii C. M. Taylor is found in the mountains of southern Ecuador and is similar to Palicourea conephoroides; Palicourea oxapampana C. M. Taylor is found in central Peru and is similar to Palicourea sessilis (Vell.) C. M. Taylor; Palicourea paujilensis C. M. Taylor is found in south-central Andean Peru and is similar to Palicourea conephoroides; Palicourea simpsonii C. M. Taylor is found in southern Colombia and is similar to Palicourea triadica; Palicourea ucayalina C. M. Taylor is found in central Peru and is similar to Palicourea neillii; and Palicourea valenzuelana C. M. Taylor is found in central Peru and is similar to Palicourea conephoroides (Rusby) C. M. Taylor. One new subspecies is recognized here, Palicourea sessilis subsp. sororopanensis (Standl. & Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on Psychotria sororopanensis Standl. & Steyerm. Lectotypes are designated for Mapouria sect. Tricephalium, Cephaelis conephoroides, Cephaelis ernestii, Coffea sessilis, Psychotria axillaris Vell. (hom. illeg.), Psychotria hancorniifolia Benth., Psychotria hancorniifolia var. angustifolia Müll. Arg., Psychotria hancorniifolia var. variifolia Müll. Arg., Psychotria interjecta Müll. Arg., Psychotria longipes, Psychotria pleiocephala, Psychotria transiens Wernham, U. flaviflora, U. schraderoides, and U. weberbaueri K. Krause.

The Genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)1

Abstract The Neotropical species that have been included in Psychotria L. comprise a heterogeneous group, morphologically and systematically. Carapichea Aubl. (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) was separated from Psychotria based on molecular analyses to include C. affinis (Standl.) L. Andersson, C. guianensis Aubl., and C. ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson; two more species were later included based on morphological characters, C. ligularis (Rudge) Delprete and C. lucida J. G. Jardim & Zappi. Here Carapichea is reviewed morphologically and circumscribed to include 23 Neotropical species found from Nicaragua to southeastern Brazil that share characters of the stipules and inflorescence arrangement. The genus is diagnosed mainly by its distinctive stipules, while pyrene characters, previously considered characteristic for the genus, actually vary widely. A revised morphological description of the genus includes more variation than previously documented, which is outlined in the key to species. Seven informal species groups are separated and characterized, and the following new nomenclatural combinations are made here: Carapichea adinantha (Standl.) C. M. Taylor, based on Retiniphyllum adinanthum Standl. and the sole species of Stachyococcus Standl., which fully synonymizes Stachyococcus with Carapichea; Carapichea altsonii (Sandwith) C. M. Taylor, based on Cephaelis altsonii Sandwith; Carapichea araguariensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. araguariensis Steyerm.; Carapichea crebrinervia (Standl.) C. M. Taylor, based on Cephaelis crebrinervia Standl.; Carapichea fimbriflora (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. fimbriflora Steyerm.; Carapichea franquevilleana (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. franquevilleana Müll. Arg.; Carapichea klugii (Standl.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. klugii Standl.; Carapichea maturacensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. maturacensis Steyerm.; Carapichea necopinata (Standl.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. necopinata Standl.; Carapichea nivea (Sandwith) C. M. Taylor, based on Cephaelis nivea Sandwith; Carapichea pacimonica (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. pacimonica Müll. Arg.; Carapichea panurensis (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, based on Mapouria panurensis Müll. Arg.; Carapichea sandwithiana (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on Cephaelis sandwithiana Steyerm.; Carapichea tillettii (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. tillettii Steyerm.; Carapichea urniformis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor, based on P. urniformis Steyerm.; and Carapichea vasivensis (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, based on Mapouria vasivensis Müll. Arg. Newly described here is Carapichea verrucosa C. M. Taylor of Amazonian Peru, Colombia, and Brazil, which is notable for its relatively large, abaxially (i.e., dorsally) verrucose pyrenes.