Charlotte Vendrely

A conserved spider silk domain acts as a molecular switch that controls fibre assembly

A huge variety of proteins are able to form fibrillar structures, especially at high protein concentrations. Hence, it is surprising that spider silk proteins can be stored in a soluble form at high concentrations and transformed into extremely stable fibres on demand. Silk proteins are reminiscent of amphiphilic block copolymers containing stretches of polyalanine and glycine-rich polar elements forming a repetitive core flanked by highly conserved non-repetitive amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains. The N-terminal domain comprises a secretion signal, but further functions remain unassigned. The C-terminal domain was implicated in the control of solubility and fibre formation initiated by changes in ionic composition and mechanical stimuli known to align the repetitive sequence elements and promote β-sheet formation. However, despite recent structural data, little is known about this remarkable behaviour in molecular detail. Here we present the solution structure of the C-terminal domain of a spider dragline silk protein and provide evidence that the structural state of this domain is essential for controlled switching between the storage and assembly forms of silk proteins. In addition, the C-terminal domain also has a role in the alignment of secondary structural features formed by the repetitive elements in the backbone of spider silk proteins, which is known to be important for the mechanical properties of the fibre.

Silk Fiber Assembly Studied by Synchrotron Radiation SAXS/WAXS and Raman Spectroscopy

We have characterized the steps involved in silk assembly from the protein solution into beta-type fibers by a combination of small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering and Raman spectroscopy. The aggregation process was studied in a concentric flow microfluidic cell, which allows mimicking the spinning duct. The fibroin molecule in solution shows an elongated shape with a maximum diameter of 38 nm. During the pH-driven initial assembly step, large-scale aggregates of fibroin molecules with a maximum diameter of about 260 nm are formed. Raman spectroscopy on the dried, fibrous material shows a principally alpha-helical silk I secondary structure, which is transformed gradually into beta-type silk II by increasing immersion times in water. The formation of crystalline beta-sheet domains within the fiber is confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering. The assembly process resembles the peptide condensation-ordering model proposed for amyloid cross-beta formation.

Characterization of the Boundary Zone of a Cast Protein Drop: Fibroin β-Sheet and Nanofibril Formation

We have studied a cast fibroin drop with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, imaging, and spectroscopy techniques. Optical microscopy shows that the dried drop forms a boundary zone. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering performed with a synchrotron radiation microbeam in the boundary zone suggests the formation of nanometer-sized domains with one-dimensional paracrystalline order. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy support a nanofibrillar morphology. MicroRaman spectroscopy shows the formation of beta-sheet secondary structure in the boundary zone, which is attributed to a shearing effect due to the retraction of the drop boundary upon evaporation.

Mass Determination of Entire Amyloid Fibrils by Using Mass Spectrometry

Amyloid fibrils are self-assembled protein structures with important roles in biology (either pathogenic or physiological), and are attracting increasing interest in nanotechnology. However, because of their high aspect ratio and the presence of some polymorphism, that is, the possibility to adopt various structures, their characterization is challenging and basic information such as their mass is unknown. Here we show that charge-detection mass spectrometry, recently developed for large self-assembled systems such as viruses, provides such information in a straightforward manner.

A synthetic redox biofilm made from metalloprotein-prion domain chimera nanowires

Engineering bioelectronic components and set-ups that mimic natural systems is extremely challenging. Here we report the design of a protein-only redox film inspired by the architecture of bacterial electroactive biofilms. The nanowire scaffold is formed using a chimeric protein that results from the attachment of a prion domain to a rubredoxin (Rd) that acts as an electron carrier. The prion domain self-assembles into stable fibres and provides a suitable arrangement of redox metal centres in Rd to permit electron transport. This results in highly organized films, able to transport electrons over several micrometres through a network of bionanowires. We demonstrate that our bionanowires can be used as electron-transfer mediators to build a bioelectrode for the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction by laccase. This approach opens opportunities for the engineering of protein-only electron mediators (with tunable redox potentials and optimized interactions with enzymes) and applications in the field of protein-only bioelectrodes.

Structural characterization of casein micelles: shape changes during film formation

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of size-fractionation by centrifugation on the film structure of casein micelles. Fractionated casein micelles in solution were asymmetrically distributed with a small distribution width as measured by dynamic light scattering. Films prepared from the size-fractionated samples showed a smooth surface in optical microscopy images and a homogeneous microstructure in atomic force micrographs. The nano- and microstructure of casein films was probed by micro-beam grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (μGISAXS). Compared to the solution measurements, the sizes determined in the film were larger and broadly distributed. The measured GISAXS patterns clearly deviate from those simulated for a sphere and suggest a deformation of the casein micelles in the film.

Molecular Design of Performance Proteins With Repetitive Sequences

Most performance proteins responsible for the mechanical stability of cells and organisms reveal highly repetitive sequences. Mimicking such performance proteins is of high interest for the design of nanostructured biomaterials. In this article, flagelliform silk is exemplary introduced to describe a general principle for designing genes of repetitive performance proteins for recombinant expression in Escherichia coli . In the first step, repeating amino acid sequence motifs are reversely transcripted into DNA cassettes, which can in a second step be seamlessly ligated, yielding a designed gene. Recombinant expression thereof leads to proteins mimicking the natural ones. The recombinant proteins can be assembled into nanostructured materials in a controlled manner, allowing their use in several applications.

Identification of an Amyloidogenic Peptide From the Bap Protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Biofilm associated proteins (Bap) are involved in the biofilm formation process of several bacterial species. The sequence STVTVT is present in Bap proteins expressed by many Staphylococcus species, Acinetobacter baumanii and Salmonella enterica. The peptide STVTVTF derived from the C-repeat of the Bap protein from Staphylococcus epidermidis was selected through the AGGRESCAN, PASTA, and TANGO software prediction of protein aggregation and formation of amyloid fibers. We characterized the self-assembly properties of the peptide STVTVTF by different methods: in the presence of the peptide, we observed an increase in the fluorescence intensity of Thioflavin T; many intermolecular β-sheets and fibers were spontaneously formed in peptide preparations as observed by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses. In conclusion, a 7 amino acids peptide derived from the C-repeat of the Bap protein was sufficient for the spontaneous formation of amyloid fibers. The possible involvement of this amyloidogenic sequence in protein-protein interactions is discussed.

Peptides that form β‐sheets on hydrophobic surfaces accelerate surface‐induced insulin amyloidal aggregation

Interactions between proteins and material or cellular surfaces are able to trigger protein aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The human insulin peptide segment LVEALYL is able to accelerate insulin aggregation in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces. We show that this peptide needs to be previously adsorbed on a hydrophobic surface to induce insulin aggregation. Moreover, the study of different mutant peptides proves that its sequence is less important than the secondary structure of the adsorbed peptide on the surface. Indeed, these pro‐aggregative peptides act by providing stable β‐sheets to incoming insulin molecules, thereby accelerating insulin adsorption locally and facilitating the conformational changes required for insulin aggregation. Conversely, a peptide known to form α‐helices on hydrophobic surfaces delays insulin aggregation.

Amyloid peptides derived from CsgA and FapC modify the viscoelastic properties of biofilm model matrices

The bacterial biofilm is a complex environment of cells, which secrete a matrix made of various components, mainly polysaccharides and proteins. An understanding of the precise role of these components in the stability and dynamics of biofilm architecture would be a great advantage for the improvement of anti-biofilm strategies. Here, artificial biofilm matrices made of polysaccharides and auto-assembled peptides were designed, and the influence of bacterial amyloid proteins on the mechanical properties of the biofilm matrix was studied. The model polysaccharides methylcellulose and alginate and peptides derived from the amyloid proteins curli and FapC found in biofilms of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas, respectively, were used. Rheological measurements showed that the amyloid peptides do not prevent the gelation of the polysaccharides but influence deformation of the matrices under shear stress and modify the gel elastic response. Hence the secretion of amyloids could be for the biofilm a way of adapting to environmental changes.