Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Self-Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes via Ethanol Chemical Vapor Deposition for the Synthesis of Gas Chromatography Columns

The synthesis of the gas chromatography stationary phase by molecular self-assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via a novel ethanol chemical vapor deposition process is presented. A major advantage is that ethanol was found to be an excellent carbon source that generated highly pure multiwalled carbon nanotubes with very little nontubular carbon impurities. The nanotubes were not vertically aligned but lay flat out on the column surface in a randomly distributed configuration. The CNT phase was able to separate a wide range of organic compounds with diverse polarity and volatility, where the number of plates per meter ranged from 900 to 1280. It also showed classical chromatographic behavior and good precision.

Microtrapping characteristics of single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess some highly desirable sorbent characteristics, which make them attractive for a variety of applications including micro-scale preconcentration. The main advantage of CNTs is that they are non-porous, thus eliminating the mass transfer resistance related to diffusion into pore structures. Their high aspects ratio leads to large specific capacity, consequently they have the potential to be the next generation high performance sorbent. In this paper we present the microtrapping. The objective of this paper was to study the sorption of select organic compounds on single and multi-walled nanotubes either packed or self-assembled onto a micro-sorbent trap. The data show that the CNTs show highly favorable adsorption as well as desorption. The former is characterized by relatively large breakthrough volumes and isosteric heats of adsorption (DeltaH(s), close to 64 kJ/mol). Similarly, rapid desorption from CNTs was demonstrated by narrow desorption bandwidth. The elimination of non-tubular carbons (NTC) from the CNT surface is important, as they reduce the performance of these sorbents.

Altering the polarity of self-assembled carbon nanotubes stationary phasevia covalent functionalization

We present for the first time that self assembled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be functionalized to alter their polarity and chromatographic behavior. The nanotube phase was synthesized viaethanol chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and functionalized by acid oxidation. Compared to an equivalent CNT column, the functionalized nanotubes (f-CNTs) showed strong retention and enhanced separation for polar organics such as alcohols, where the capacity factor increased by more than 100%, and the number of plates per metre increased by as much as 60%. The f-CNTs phase showed classical chromatographic behavior and good reproducibility. This is an important first step toward the development of diverse functionalized CNT columns.

Micropreconcentration units based on carbon nanotubes (CNT)

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have some highly desirable sorbent characteristics which make them attractive for a variety of analytical applications. High adsorption capacity and rapid desorbability make CNT excellent candidates for micro-scale devices for gas and liquid-phase analysis. In gas-phase analysis one can implement a micro-concentrator or a micro-sorbent trap, which have been used in a variety of on-line chromatography and sensing applications. Interesting liquid-phase microtrapping applications include micro-scale solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) and solid-phase micro extraction (SPME). In addition, the ease of surface functionalization, self assembly by chemical vapor deposition, and the formation of diverse polymer composites may well make CNT the high-performance sorbent of the future.

Carbon nanotubes as sorbents for the gas phase preconcentration of semivolatile organics in a microtrap

In this paper we present the application of carbon nanotubes as unique sorbents for the fabrication of microtraps for the nanoscale adsorption/desorption of relatively large semivolatile organic molecules. The microtrap application requires high adsorption capacity as well as easy desorbability; the latter being critical for semivolatile compounds. The sorbent characteristics of single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for gas phase adsorption/desorption of several compounds has been studied. The nonporous nature of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) eliminates the mass transfer resistance related to diffusion into pore structures, thus allowing easy desorbability. At the same time, their high aspects ratios lead to large breakthrough volumes. As compared to a commercial sorbent Carbopack, the breakthrough volume was as much as an order of magnitude higher in the CNTs, while the rate of desorption measured as the peak width at half height of the desorption band was eight times lower. The trapping and desorption characteristics of single and multi walled nanotubes were found to be comparable. We also found that the presence of disordered carbon impurities, which could be removed by controlled oxidative annealing could greatly degrade the performance of CNTs.

Carbon nanotube-immobilized super-absorbent membrane for harvesting water from the atmosphere

This paper describes the development of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-immobilized membrane for harvesting pure water from air. The CNTs were incorporated into a layer of super-absorbing poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) which was cast over a porous hydrophilized polypropylene support. The super-absorbing polymer tended to bind to the water molecules to form water clusters. The incorporation of CNTs led to the interruption of specific water–polymer as well as water–water interactions to generate more free water which permeated more easily through the membrane. The CNTs were functionalized with carboxylic groups to improve the dispersibility into the polymer matrix. The water vapor extraction efficiency reached over 50%, and the presence of CNTs led to an enhancement in water vapor removal by as much as 45% and in the mass transfer coefficient by 44%.

Enhanced preconcentration of selected chlorofluorocarbons on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with polar functionalities

Chromatographic monitoring of chlorofluorocarbons in air requires the preconcentration of these highly volatile species. In this paper, we present functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as effective sorbents for a microtrap designed for chlorofluorocarbons preconcentration. Among the commercial carbons and carbon nanotubes studied, functionalization via carboxylation and propyl amine was most effective for dichlorofluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11), which were selected as representative chlorofluorocarbons. The results show that carbon nanotubes functionalized with a polar groups led to as much as a 300% increase in breakthrough volume and the desorption bandwidth was reduced by 2.5 times.

Mechanism of Adsorption on Nanomaterials

Abstract Nanomaterials have unique chemical and physical features such as a large surface area, small size, and high stability compared to conventional bulk materials. Therefore, they are widely used for the adsorption of different compounds in environmental, biological, and food samples. On the other hand, it is crucial to investigate the adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and the thermodynamics to understand the nature of the adsorption process. Thus several isotherm and kinetic models are applied to the adsorption systems to achieve this goal. This chapter highlights the recent applications of the nanoadsorbents in the literature. The adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of the reported examples are also described.

Engineered Nanosensors Based on Molecular Imprinting Technology

Abstract Natural antibody-based biosensors have some disadvantages such as low stability and high production cost. Therefore, innovative engineered materials with higher selectivity and sensitivity are needed for the recognition of the desired compound. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), also called “plastic antibodies,” are a kind of materials having 3D cavities (shape of the target compound), binding groups, and exhibit high binding affinity and selectivity toward the desired compound. MIPs as plastic antibodies have gained great attention in biosensor applications in the past decades since they are stable, cheap, robust, and selective. This chapter aims to summarize and highlight the recent progresses in the field of nanobiosensor platforms based on molecular imprinting technique.

Future of Industrial Development and Nanomaterials

Abstract Nanotechnology has modernized the industrial development. The transition to nanoscale has led to improved growth and efficiency for various industries. Nanomaterials are versatile materials, which are being used in the development of various improved devices and tools for cost-efficient industrial processes. This chapter covers an introduction to the role of nanomaterials for future industrial development, a revision of the entire handbook, a brief description of economic and commercialization challenges of nanotechnology, and a conclusion.