Cheol Huh

Experimental Study on N 2 Impurity Effect in the Pressure Drop During CO 2 Mixture Transportation

Carbon-dioxide capture and storage (CCS) process is consisted by capturing carbon-dioxide from large point source such as power plant and steel works, transporting and sequestrating captured in a stable geological structure. During CCS process, it is inevitable of introducing impurities from combustion, capture and purification process into stream. Impurities such as , , CO, , Ar, , , can influence on process efficiency, capital expenditure, operation expense of CCS process. In this study, experimental apparatus is built to simulate the behavior of transport under various impurity composition and process pressure condition. With this apparatus, impurity effect on mixture transportation was experimentally evaluated. The result showed that as ratio increased pressure drop per mass flow and specific volume of mixture also increased. In 120 and 100 bar condition the mixture was in single phase supercritical condition, and as ratio increased gradient of specific volume change and pressure drop per mass flow did not change largely compared to low pressure condition. In 70 bar condition the mixture phase changed from single phase liquid to single phase vapor through liquid-vapor two phase region, and it showed that the gradient of specific volume change and pressure drop per mass flow varied in each phase.

Consideration of Carbon dioxide Capture and Geological Storage (CCS) as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Project Activities: Key Issues Related with Geological Storage and Response Strategies

Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of the key players in greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction portfolio for mitigating climate change. CCS makes simultaneously it possible not only to reduce a huge amount of carbon dioxide directly from the emission sources (e.g., coal power plant) but also to maintain the carbon concentrated-energy and/or industry infrastructure. Internationally, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is dealing the agenda for considering the possibility of including CCS project as one of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Despite its usefulness, however, there are the controversies in including CCS as the CDM project, whose issues include i) non-permanence, including long-term permanence, ii) measuring, reporting and verification (MRV), iii) environmental impacts, iv) project activity boundaries, v) international law, vi) liability, vii) the potential for perverse outcomes, viii) safety, and ix) insurance coverage and compensation for damages caused due to seepage or leakage. In this paper, those issues in considering CCS as CDM are summarized and analyzed in order to suggest some considerations to policy makers in realizing the CCS project in Korea in the future.

Numerical Analysis on Depressurization of High Pressure Carbon Dioxide Pipeline

To inject huge amount of CO2 for CCS application, high pressure pipeline transport is accompanied. Rapid depressurization of CO2 pipeline is required in case of transient processes such as accident and maintenance. In this study, numerical analysis on the depressurization of high pressure CO2 pipeline was carried out. The predic- tion capability of the numerical model was evaluated by comparing the benchmark experiments. The numerical models well predicted the liquid-vapor two-phase depressurization. On the other hands, there were some limita- tions in predicting the temperature behavior during the supercritical, liquid phase and gaseous phase expansions.

Analysis of Modality and Procedures for CCS as CDM Project and Its Countmeasures

Carbon dioxide, emitted by human activities since the industrial revolution, is regarded as a major contributor of global warming. There are many efforts to mitigate climate change, and carbon dioxide capture and geological storage (CCS) is recognized as one of key technologies because it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources such as a power station or other industrial installation. The inclusion of CCS as clean development mechanism (CDM) project activities has been considered at UNFCCC as financial incentive mechanisms for those developing countries that may wish to deploy the CCS. Although the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the UNFCCC`s Kyoto Protocol (CMP), at Cancun in December 2010, decided that CCS is eligible as CDM project activities, the issues identified in decision 2/CMP.5 should be addressed and resolved in a satisfactory manner. Major issues regarding modalities and procedure are 1) Site selection, 2) Monitoring, 3) Modeling, 4) Boundaries, 5) Seepage Measuring and Accounting, 6) Trans-Boundary Effects, 7) Accounting of Associated Project Emissions (Leakage), 8) Risk and Safety Assessment, and 9) Liability Under the CDM Scheme. The CMP, by its decision 7/CMP.6, invited Parties to submit their views to the secretariat of Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), SBSTA prepared a draft modalities and procedure by exchanging views of Parties through workshop held in Abu Dhabi, UAE (September 2011). The 7th CMP (Durban, December 2011) finally adopted the modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities (CMP[2011], Decision-/CMP.7). The inclusion of CCS as CDM project activities means that CCS is officially accredited as one of reducing technologies in global carbon market. Consequently, it will affect relevant technologies and industry as well as law and policy in Korea and aboard countries. This paper presents a progress made on discussion and challenges regarding the issue, and aims to suggest some considerations to policy makers in Korea in order to demonstrate and deploy the CCS project in the near future. According to the adopted modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project activities, it is possible to implement relevant CCS projects in Non-Annex I countries, including Korea, as long as legal and regulatory frameworks are established. Though Korea enacted `Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth`, the details are too inadequate to content the requirements of modalities and procedures for CCS as CDM project. Therefore, it is required not only to amend the existing laws related with capture, transport, and storage of for paving the way of an prompt deployment of CCS CDM activities in Korea as a short-term approach, but also to establish the united framework as a long-term approach.

A Numerical Study on the CO 2 Leakage Through the Fault During Offshore Carbon Sequestration

To mitigate the greenhouse gas emission, many carbon capture and storage projects are underway all over the world. In Korea, many studies focus on the storage of in the offshore sediment. Assurance of safety is one of the most important issues in the geological storage of . Especially, the assessment of possibility of leakage and amount of leaked is very crucial to analyze the safety of marine geological storage of . In this study, the leakage of injected through fault was numerically studied. TOUGH2-MP ECO2N was used to simulate the subsurface behavior of injected . The storage site was 150 m thick saline aquifer located 825 m under the continental shelf. It was assumed that leak was happened through the fault located 1,000 m away from the injection well. The injected could migrate through the aquifer by both pressure difference driven by injection and buoyancy force. The enough pressure differences made it possible the to migrate to the bottom of the fault. The could be leaked to seabed through the fault due to the buoyancy force. Prior to leakage of the injected , the formation water leaked to seabed. When reached the seabed, leakage of formation water stopped but the same amount of sea water starts to flow into the underground as the amount of leaked . To analyze the effect of injection rate on the leakage behavior, the injection rate of was varied as 0.5, 0.75, and . The starting times of leakage at 1, 0.75 and injection rates are 11.3, 15.6 and 23.2 years after the injection, respectively. The leakage of to the seabed continued for a period time after the end of injection. The ratios of total leaked to total injected at 1, 0.75 and injection rates are 19.5%, 11.5% and 2.8%, respectively.

A Fundamentals study on Heat Exchanger using Deep Ocean Water: Effects of Corrosion on Heat Transfer Performance

This paper presents the effects of the tube materials and corrosion on the heat transfer performance of double-tube heat exchangers for the development of heat exchangers using deep sea water. Heat exchangers made of titanium, aluminum. stainless steel, iron, copper, and aluminum with electro-deposition coatings(Carbon black_, Carbon black_) were tested. Also, the heat transfer rate of each heat exchanger was calculated by using EES program. For the acceleration of corrosion by sea water, the temperature of sea water and the concentration of salt 3.5% were considered. And the specimens were immersed in sea water during 6 weeks. From the above experiment and analysis, aluminum with electro-deposition coating(Carbon black_) can be considered the most promising candidate for the replacement of titanium heat exchanger.

Experimental Study on Corrosion and Thermal Conductivity Characteristics of Thermal Spray Coating for Sea Water Heat Exchanger

In the present study, the characteristics of corrosion and thermal conductivity of thermal spray coatings for seawater heat exchangers were examined experimentally. The coating types of theZn and Al thermal spray coatings with additional epoxy and silicone sealers were tested. To examine the corrosion characteristics of the thermal spray coating, the cyclic voltamogram curve was measured followed by SEM imaging for surface characterization. The laser flash method was usedto measure the thermal conductivity of the specimen. The conductivity test results showed that thermal conductivity decreased by3 ~ 4% with the silicone sealer and decreased by 70 ~ 75% with the epoxy sealer

Identification Of Potential Hazardous Events Of Unloading System And Co2 Storage Tanks Of An Intermediate Storage Terminal For The Korea Clean Carbon Storage Project 2025

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is regarded as one of key technologies to meet global greenhouse gas emission reduction goal. In this manner, South Korea is developing a one-million-ton-scale offshore CCS project to reduce national greenhouse gas emission, entitled the Korea Clean Carbon Storage Project (KCCS) 2025. In this project, the CO2 is captured from power plants on coast, loaded to CO2 carriers, and transported to an intermediate storage terminal, which is located on shoreline nearby offshore storage reservoirs at the Ulleung Basin. Then the CO2 is exported via an offshore pipeline to offshore platform for injection to geological storage site for a permanent containment. Since the concept of the KCCS 2025 includes CO2 carriers as a transportation method, it requires an intermediate storage terminal that receives the CO2 from carrier and send out continuous CO2 flow to the offshore pipeline after the pressurization of CO2 to higher than 100 bar. The intermediate storage terminal will consist of (1) unloading system, (2) CO2 storage tanks, (3) LP pumps, (4) a reliquefaction package, (5) a vent stack and (6) HP pump and injection pump (a booster station). Because there are few actual projects with an intermediate storage terminal worldwide, researches on intermediate storage facilities are insufficient. To support an optimal concept design of the intermediate storage terminal for the KCCS 2025, this study identified the potential hazardous events for the unloading system and the CO2 storage tanks. For the unloading system, an unloading arm and LCO2 recirculating line are found to be major components causing serious damage in case of accident. In the case of the CO2 storage tanks, where large amounts of CO2 are stored, they can cause serious damage due to large amounts of CO2 leakage when the tanks are ruptured, over-pressurized, low-pressurized, overcharged, etc. Because hazardous events may pose significant harm to humans or the environment, these results should be considered in the next phases of the project. The results of this study can be helpful for the development of safe CO2 transportation technology in the future.

Experimental Study on the Argon Impurity Effect in the Pressure Drop of CO 2 mixture flow

During the carbon-dioxide capture and storage(CCS) process, is captured from large point source, and then injected and stored in stable geological structure for thousands and more years. Inside the captured flow, various impurities, such as , , argon, etc, are included inevitably. These impurities affect on the CCS process on various aspects. In this study, we designed and built experimental facility to evaluate the various impurity effect on the pipeline flow, and analyzed the effect of argon ratio and pressure variation on the pressure drop of flow. By comparing experimental data with 4 kinds of pressure drop model, we figured out and recommended the Cicchittis model since it showed most accurate result among compared models in this study.

Study of the corrosion effect of CO 2 stream with SO 2 and NO 2 on a phosphate coated steel tube

To mitigate global warming and climate change, many countries are investing massively on the development of CCS technology, which is assumed to be the key technology to reduce CO2 emissions. CCS technology is comprised of the capture, transport, and storage processes. During the capture process, impurities other than CO2 are inevitably flowed into the CO2 stream. In the present study, corrosion characteristics of a phosphate coated tube for CO2 transportation was investigated with a CO2 stream composed of CO2, H2O, SO2, and NO2. The test specimen was a phosphate coated steel tube, which was filled with CO2 stream with the impurities mentioned above. SEM-EDS analysis is conducted to investigate the corrosion behavior. The results showed that although the H2O concentration did not exceed the solubility limit, corrosion occurred in the specimen, which has an inflow of SO2 or NO2. This suggests that the SO2, NO2 and H2O concentration should be strictly controlled. These results suggest that the SO2 and NO2 concentration should be controlled below 175ppm and 65ppm, respectively.