Chih-Chung Lin

PM, carbon, and PAH emissions from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends

Biodiesels have received increasing attention as alternative fuels for diesel engines and generators. This study investigates the emissions of particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), e.g., organic/elemental carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends. Among the tested diesel blends (B0, B10 (10 vol% soy-biodiesel), B20, and B50), B20 exhibited the lowest PM emission concentration despite the loads (except the 5 kW case), whereas B10 displayed lower PM emission factors when operating at 0 and 10 kW than the other fuel blends. The emission concentrations or factors of EC, OC, and TC were the lowest when B10 or B20 was used regardless of the loading. Under all tested loads, the average concentrations of total-PAHs emitted from the generator using the B10 and B20 were lower (by 38% and 28%, respectively) than those using pure petroleum diesel fuel (B0), while the emission factors of total-PAHs decreased with an increasing ratio of biodiesel to premium diesel. With an increasing loading, although the brake specific fuel consumption decreased, the energy efficiency increased despite the bio/petroleum diesel ratio. Therefore, soy-biodiesel is promising for use as an alternative fuel for diesel generators to increase energy efficiency and reduce the PM, carbon, and PAH emissions.

Emissions from a generator fueled by blends of diesel, biodiesel, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol: Analyses of emitted PM, particulate carbon, and PAHs

Biodiesel is one of alternative energies that have been extensively discussed and studied. This research investigates the characteristics of particulate matter (PM), particulate carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from a generator fueled by waste-edible-oil-biodiesel with acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) addition. The tested biodieselhols consisted of pure diesel oil (D100) with 1-3 vol.% pure acetone (denoted as A), 1-70 vol.% waste-edible-oil-biodiesel (denoted as W), and 1 vol.% pure isopropyl alcohol (the stabilizer, denoted as P). The results show that in comparison to W1D99, W3D97, W5D95, W10D90, and W20D80, the use of biodieselhols achieved additional reduction of PM and particulate organic carbon (OC) emission, and such reduction increased as the addition percentage of pure acetone increased. Regardless of the percentages of added waste-edible-oil-biodiesel, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, the use of biodieselhol in place of D100 could reduce the emissions of Total-PAHs (by 6.13-42.5% (average = 24.1%)) and Total-BaPeq (by 16.6-74.8% (average = 53.2%)) from the diesel engine generator. Accordingly, the W/D blended fuels (W<20 vol.%) containing acetone (1-3 vol.%) and isopropyl alcohol (1 vol.%) are a potential alternative fuel for diesel engine generators because they substantially reduce emissions of PM, particulate OC, Total-PAHs, and Total-BaPeq.

Emission reduction of NOx, PM, PM-carbon, and PAHs from a generator fuelled by biodieselhols.

This investigation examines the particulate matter (PM), particulate carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from a generator fueled by petroleum diesel blended with waste-edible-oil-biodiesel and water-containing acetone. Experimental results show that using biodieselhols with water-containing (or pure) acetone as the fuel of generator, in comparison to using petroleum diesel, significantly reduces PM emission; roughly, this reduction increased as percentage of water-containing acetone increased. When the percentages of waste-edible-oil-biodiesel were ≤ 5 vol%, adding pure or water-containing acetone (1-3 vol%) to biodieselhols generated emission reductions of NOx, PM, particle-bound organic carbon (OC), total-PAHs, and total-BaPeq. Consequently, using water-containing acetone biodieselhols as an alternative generator fuel is feasible and helps recycle and reuse waste solvents containing water-containing acetone.

Size distribution of particle‐bound PAH composition in the ambient air of bus station

Abstract The particle‐bound composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with size distribution were measured for the ambient air of a bus station, an urban and a rural site with two MOUDIs and a NRI from April to September 1996 in Ping Tung area of Southern Taiwan. Twenty one individual PAH were analyzed primarily by using a gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In the ambient air of bus station, the particle size distribution of particle‐bound total‐PAH composition was dominant in the submicron particles. In general, a smaller size particle has a higher total‐PAH composition. This is due to the fact that a smaller size of particle has a higher specific area and may therefore contain a greater amount of organic carbon which allows more PAH adsorption. These results showed that the values of total‐PAH composition in the fine particle mode (Dp < 1.0 μm) for bus‐station atmosphere averaged 2.2 and 9.0 times of magnitude higher than those measured in the urban and rural atmospher...

Dry deposition and particle size distributions of nitrate and sulfate in ambient air

This study reports the dry deposition pollutants of anion species (NO3 ‐ and SO4 ‐2) in the Ping Tung City of Southern Taiwan. Several deposition properties are discussed in this paper. It included dry deposition flux, anion species size distribution and deposition velocities. Noll Rotary Impactor (NRI) and Microorifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) were used to collect ambient air coarse and fine particulate. Dry deposition plate was applied to collect particle deposition flux. Dionex 2000i/SP Ion Chromatography equipped with 4 mm AG4A‐SC and AS4A‐SC column was employed to analyze the anion species. The eluent solution is 1.8 mM sodium carbonate/1.7 mM sodium bicarbonate. The measured dry deposition flux of nitrate ranged from 0.63 to 3.96 mg/m2‐day and averaged 2.12 mg/m2‐day, while the measured dry deposition of sulfate ranged from 1.17 to 9.53 mg/m2‐day and averaged 3.92 mg/m2‐day. The particle size distribution of nitrate has bimodal particle size distributions. However, the sulfate displayed unif...

Particle size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of bus station, urban, and rural areas

Atmospheric PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) and total‐particle mass size distributions in the ambient air of a bus station, an urban and a rural site were measured with two MOUDIs (Micro‐orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors) and a NRI (Noll Rotary Impactor) from April to September 1996, in southern Taiwan. The overall particle size range was covered from 0.056 to 100 urn and separated into the twelve size ranges: 0.056 ∼ 0.10, 0.10 ∼ 0.18, 0.18 ∼ 0.32, 0.32 ∼ 0.56, 0.56 ∼ 1.0, 1.0 ∼ 1.8, 1.8 ∼ 3.2, 3.2 ∼ 5.6, 5.6 ∼ 10, 10 ∼ 24.7, 24.7 ∼ 36.5 and 36.5 ∼ 100 μm. Twenty one individual PAHs were analyzed primarily by using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In the ambient air of the bus station, the particle size distribution of total PAHs had a bimodal size distribution; the bi‐peaks were localized at 0.18 ∼ 0.32 μm (mode I) and 0.56 ∼ 1.0 μm (mode II), which all belonged to the fine particle mode (Dp < 2.5 μm). For the bus station, the mode I results from primary emissions of PAH from vehicul...

Size distributions of PM, carbons and PAHs emitted from a generator using blended fuels containing water.

This investigation studied the size distributions of particulate matter (PM), particulate carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are emitted from a generator that is fueled by diesel that is blended with waste-edible-oil-biodiesel and water-containing acetone. PM samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI (with aerodynamic diameters of 0.01-18 μm). The results reveal that waste-edible biodiesel blended with water-containing acetone (W5WA3 or W20WA3) at a load of 3 kW emitted lower ΣPM, ΣPM-EC, ΣPM-OC, ΣT-PAHs or ΣT-BaPeq concentrations than did D100, in all 13 particle size ranges, and these reductions of emissions of submicron particles exceeded 85%. Furthermore, W20WA3 emitted significantly lower concentrations of Total-PAHs and Total-BaPeq in four nano/ultrafine particle size ranges. Therefore, water-containing acetone biodieselhols can be utilized as alternatives to petroleum diesel as fuel to reduce the dangers to human health that are posed by emissions from diesel engines.

Effect of traffic loading on particle-bound water-soluble ions and carbons collected near a busy road and at an urban site

This study examines size-resolved particle-bound water-soluble ions and carbons (element carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC)) collected near a busy road and at an urban site. The traffic-related fine and coarse particles were collected using two manual dichotomous samplers (Dichots) equipped with Quartz filters. The PM2.5/PM2.5−10 value during rush hour (3.57) exceeded that during slack time (2.72). During weekdays and weekends, although the roadside PM2.5 concentration correlated well with traffic flow (R2= 0.91 and 0.81, respectively), the roadside PM2.5−10 concentration did not. The lowest second aerosol concentrations were observed from 19:00 to 21:00 during weekdays and weekends. The average content of total water-soluble ions in PM2.5 was 30.7% and 35.7% for weekday and weekend samples, respectively (a total average of 33.2%). In PM2.5, the content of NO− 3 (8.95-11.0%) exceeded that of SO2− 4 (7.08–8.10%) at the roadside site. Conversely, the content of PM2.5-bound SO2− 4 was higher than that of PM2.5-bound NO− 3 at the urban site. The mean content of PM2.5-bound TC was 35.8%, while that of PM2.5−10-bound TC was 15.9%. Moreover, the R2 values of traffic flow versus PM2.5-bound EC concentration on weekdays and weekends were 0.89 and 0.56, respectively, and were 0.82 and 0.38, respectively, for those of traffic flow versus PM2.5-bound OC concentration.

Emission factors and congener-specific characterization of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDD/Fs and PBDEs from an off-road diesel engine using waste cooking oil-based biodiesel blends

Few studies have been performed up to now on the emission factors and congener profiles of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) emitted from off-road diesel engines. This investigation elucidates the emission factors and congener profiles of various POPs, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in the exhausts of a diesel generator fueled with different waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (WCO-based biodiesel) blends. The PCDD/Fs contributed 87.2% of total dioxin-like toxicity (PCDD/Fs+PCBs+PBDD/Fs) in the exhaust, while the PCBs and PBDD/Fs only contributed 8.2% and 4.6%, respectively. Compared with petroleum diesel, B20 (20vol% WCO-based biodiesel+80vol% diesel) reduced total toxicity by 46.5% for PCDD/Fs, 47.1% for PCBs, and 24.5% for PBDD/Fs, while B40 (40vol% WCO-based biodiesel+60vol% diesel) reduced it by 89.5% for PCDD/Fs, 57.1% for PCBs, and 63.2% for PBDD/Fs in POP emission factors. The use of WCO-based biodiesel not only solves the problem of waste oil disposal, but also lowers POP emissions from diesel generators.