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Archive | 2004

Statistical methods for organizational research : theory and practice

Chris Dewberry

Part 1: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1. Descriptive Statistics 2. The Principles of Inferential Statistics 3. The Mechanics of Inferential Statistics Part 2: Methods of Statistical Analysis 4. Methods for Examining Differences 5. Methods for Examining Associations


BMC Medicine | 2013

The UKCAT-12 study: educational attainment, aptitude test performance, demographic and socio-economic contextual factors as predictors of first year outcome in a cross-sectional collaborative study of 12 UK medical schools.

I. C. McManus; Chris Dewberry; Sandra Nicholson; Jonathan S Dowell

BackgroundMost UK medical schools use aptitude tests during student selection, but large-scale studies of predictive validity are rare. This study assesses the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT), and its four sub-scales, along with measures of educational attainment, individual and contextual socio-economic background factors, as predictors of performance in the first year of medical school training.MethodsA prospective study of 4,811 students in 12 UK medical schools taking the UKCAT from 2006 to 2008 as a part of the medical school application, for whom first year medical school examination results were available in 2008 to 2010.ResultsUKCAT scores and educational attainment measures (General Certificate of Education (GCE): A-levels, and so on; or Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA): Scottish Highers, and so on) were significant predictors of outcome. UKCAT predicted outcome better in female students than male students, and better in mature than non-mature students. Incremental validity of UKCAT taking educational attainment into account was significant, but small. Medical school performance was also affected by sex (male students performing less well), ethnicity (non-White students performing less well), and a contextual measure of secondary schooling, students from secondary schools with greater average attainment at A-level (irrespective of public or private sector) performing less well. Multilevel modeling showed no differences between medical schools in predictive ability of the various measures. UKCAT sub-scales predicted similarly, except that Verbal Reasoning correlated positively with performance on Theory examinations, but negatively with Skills assessments.ConclusionsThis collaborative study in 12 medical schools shows the power of large-scale studies of medical education for answering previously unanswerable but important questions about medical student selection, education and training. UKCAT has predictive validity as a predictor of medical school outcome, particularly in mature applicants to medical school. UKCAT offers small but significant incremental validity which is operationally valuable where medical schools are making selection decisions based on incomplete measures of educational attainment. The study confirms the validity of using all the existing measures of educational attainment in full at the time of selection decision-making. Contextual measures provide little additional predictive value, except that students from high attaining secondary schools perform less well, an effect previously shown for UK universities in general.


Medical Education | 2000

Becoming professional: when and how does it start? A comparative study of first-year medical and law students in the UK

Penny Cavenagh; Chris Dewberry; Paul Jones

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether differences identified between first‐year law and medical students in North America in the 1950s apply in the UK in the 1990s. First‐year law and medical students are compared in terms of commitment to career, alternative career choices and length of time the student has wished to study for his/her chosen profession.


BMC Medicine | 2013

Construct-level predictive validity of educational attainment and intellectual aptitude tests in medical student selection: meta-regression of six UK longitudinal studies

I. C. McManus; Chris Dewberry; Sandra Nicholson; Jonathan S Dowell; Katherine Woolf; Henry W. W. Potts

BackgroundMeasures used for medical student selection should predict future performance during training. A problem for any selection study is that predictor-outcome correlations are known only in those who have been selected, whereas selectors need to know how measures would predict in the entire pool of applicants. That problem of interpretation can be solved by calculating construct-level predictive validity, an estimate of true predictor-outcome correlation across the range of applicant abilities.MethodsConstruct-level predictive validities were calculated in six cohort studies of medical student selection and training (student entry, 1972 to 2009) for a range of predictors, including A-levels, General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs)/O-levels, and aptitude tests (AH5 and UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT)). Outcomes included undergraduate basic medical science and finals assessments, as well as postgraduate measures of Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom (MRCP(UK)) performance and entry in the Specialist Register. Construct-level predictive validity was calculated with the method of Hunter, Schmidt and Le (2006), adapted to correct for right-censorship of examination results due to grade inflation.ResultsMeta-regression analyzed 57 separate predictor-outcome correlations (POCs) and construct-level predictive validities (CLPVs). Mean CLPVs are substantially higher (.450) than mean POCs (.171). Mean CLPVs for first-year examinations, were high for A-levels (.809; CI: .501 to .935), and lower for GCSEs/O-levels (.332; CI: .024 to .583) and UKCAT (mean = .245; CI: .207 to .276). A-levels had higher CLPVs for all undergraduate and postgraduate assessments than did GCSEs/O-levels and intellectual aptitude tests. CLPVs of educational attainment measures decline somewhat during training, but continue to predict postgraduate performance. Intellectual aptitude tests have lower CLPVs than A-levels or GCSEs/O-levels.ConclusionsEducational attainment has strong CLPVs for undergraduate and postgraduate performance, accounting for perhaps 65% of true variance in first year performance. Such CLPVs justify the use of educational attainment measure in selection, but also raise a key theoretical question concerning the remaining 35% of variance (and measurement error, range restriction and right-censorship have been taken into account). Just as in astrophysics, ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’ are posited to balance various theoretical equations, so medical student selection must also have its ‘dark variance’, whose nature is not yet properly characterized, but explains a third of the variation in performance during training. Some variance probably relates to factors which are unpredictable at selection, such as illness or other life events, but some is probably also associated with factors such as personality, motivation or study skills.


Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology | 2001

Performance disparities between whites and ethnic minorities: Real differences or assessment bias?

Chris Dewberry

The relative performance of white and ethnic minority trainee lawyers in England was compared. Ethnic minority trainees were more than twice as likely to fail the compulsory training course for lawyers as whites, and this relatively poor performance applied to several different ethnic minority groups: Black Caribbeans, Black Africans, Asians, and other non-whites. The possible effect of racial discrimination in the performance appraisal process was investigated by comparing the performance of the trainees in blind-marked assessments with their performance in non-blind marked ones. No evidence of racial discrimination by the assessors was found. The contribution of ethnicity to performance was investigated after controlling for several variables which might be confounded with ethnicity. Consistent with the results of North American research, a small but significant relationship was found between ethnicity and performance after controlling for several such factors. It is concluded that future research on the relationship between ethnicity and performance should focus not only on the possible influence of racial discrimination during the performance evaluation process but also on differences in the life experiences of people from different ethnic groups from childhood onwards.


Journal of Risk Research | 2010

The role of perceived costs and perceived benefits in the relationship between personality and risk-related choices

Emma Soane; Chris Dewberry; Sunitha Narendran

This paper considers how perceptions of costs and benefits can influence the association between personality and risky choice behaviour. We assessed perceptions and behaviours in six domains (ethical; investment; gambling; health and safety; recreational; social) using the DOSPERT and measured personality using the NEO PI‐R. Results from structural equation modelling showed that personality had a direct effect on risky choice behaviour in four domains (social, ethical, gambling and recreational risk‐taking). In addition, perceived costs and benefits mediated the relations between personality and risk‐taking in the five domains (social, ethical, gambling, recreational and investment risk‐taking). Evidence for a mechanism that integrates both direct and indirect effects of personality on behaviour is discussed.


Journal of Applied Psychology | 2016

Everything that you have ever been told about assessment center ratings is confounded.

Duncan J. R. Jackson; George Michaelides; Chris Dewberry; Young-Jae Kim

Despite a substantial research literature on the influence of dimensions and exercises in assessment centers (ACs), the relative impact of these 2 sources of variance continues to raise uncertainties because of confounding. With confounded effects, it is not possible to establish the degree to which any 1 effect, including those related to exercises and dimensions, influences AC ratings. In the current study (N = 698) we used Bayesian generalizability theory to unconfound all of the possible effects contributing to variance in AC ratings. Our results show that ≤1.11% of the variance in AC ratings was directly attributable to behavioral dimensions, suggesting that dimension-related effects have no practical impact on the reliability of ACs. Even when taking aggregation level into consideration, effects related to general performance and exercises accounted for almost all of the reliable variance in AC ratings. The implications of these findings for recent dimension- and exercise-based perspectives on ACs are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record


International Journal of Selection and Assessment | 2013

Impact and Causes of Rater Severity/Leniency in Appraisals Without Postevaluation Communication between Raters and Ratees

Chris Dewberry; Anna Davies-Muir; Simon Newell

In performance appraisals, some assessors are substantially more lenient than others. Research on this effect in appraisals involving communication and interaction between raters and ratees after the performance evaluation has taken place indicates that it may be at least partly caused by individual differences in assessor personality. However, little is known about the impact or causes of rater severity versus leniency in situations in which there is little or no contact between raters and ratees after the performance evaluation. In Study 1 (N = 174) the strength of the severity–leniency effect in this ‘no-contact’ context is estimated and found to be similar to that reported for ‘with-contact’ appraisals. No evidence of an association between assessor personality and assessor severity (vs. leniency) is found in the ‘no-contact’ context. In Study 2 (N = 54) there is no evidence of an association between the fluid cognitive ability of assessors and the severity of their ratings in a no-contact context. It is concluded that the severity versus leniency effect probably has a considerable impact on performance ratings in ‘no-contact’ appraisal settings, but that neither rater personality nor rater cognitive ability appear to play a significant role in this.


Preventive Veterinary Medicine | 2014

Pig farmers' perceptions, attitudes, influences and management of information in the decision-making process for disease control.

Pablo Alarcon; Barbara Wieland; Ana Mateus; Chris Dewberry


Personality and Individual Differences | 2013

Decision-making competence in everyday life: The roles of general cognitive styles, decision-making styles and personality

Chris Dewberry; Marie Juanchich; Sunitha Narendran

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I. C. McManus

University College London

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Emma Soane

London School of Economics and Political Science

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Katherine Woolf

University College London

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Sandra Nicholson

Queen Mary University of London

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Ana Mateus

Royal Veterinary College

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