Christi Deaton

2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

ABCDn: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in DiabetesnABIn: ankle–brachial indexnABPMn: ambulatory blood pressure monitoringnACCESSn: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke SurvivalnACCOMPLISHn: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic HypertensionnACCORDn: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in DiabetesnACEn: angiotensin-converting enzymenACTIVE In: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular EventsnADVANCEn: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled EvaluationnAHEADn: Action for HEAlth in DiabetesnALLHATn: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtacknALTITUDEn: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal EndpointsnANTIPAFn: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial FibrillationnAPOLLOn: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly PeoplenARBn: angiotensin receptor blockernARICn: Atherosclerosis Risk In CommunitiesnARRn: aldosterone renin rationASCOTn: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes TrialnASCOT-LLAn: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering ArmnASTRALn: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery LesionsnA-Vn: atrioventricularnBBn: beta-blockernBMIn: body mass indexnBPn: blood pressurenBSAn: body surface areanCAn: calcium antagonistnCABGn: coronary artery bypass graftnCAPPPn: CAPtopril Prevention ProjectnCAPRAFn: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial FibrillationnCHDn: coronary heart diseasenCHHIPSn: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-StrokenCKDn: chronic kidney diseasenCKD-EPIn: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaborationnCONVINCEn: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV EndpointsnCTn: computed tomographynCVn: cardiovascularnCVDn: cardiovascular diseasenDn: diureticnDASHn: Dietary Approaches to Stop HypertensionnDBPn: diastolic blood pressurenDCCTn: Diabetes Control and Complications StudynDIRECTn: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan TrialsnDMn: diabetes mellitusnDPP-4n: dipeptidyl peptidase 4nEASn: European Atherosclerosis SocietynEASDn: European Association for the Study of DiabetesnECGn: electrocardiogramnEFn: ejection fractionneGFRn: estimated glomerular filtration ratenELSAn: European Lacidipine Study on AtherosclerosisnESCn: European Society of CardiologynESHn: European Society of HypertensionnESRDn: end-stage renal diseasenEXPLORn: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol CombinationnFDAn: U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationnFEVERn: Felodipine EVent Reduction studynGISSI-AFn: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nellInfarto Miocardico-Atrial FibrillationnHbA1cn: glycated haemoglobinnHBPMn: home blood pressure monitoringnHOPEn: Heart Outcomes Prevention EvaluationnHOTn: Hypertension Optimal TreatmentnHRTn: hormone replacement therapynHTn: hypertensionnHYVETn: HYpertension in the Very Elderly TrialnIMTn: intima-media thicknessnI-PRESERVEn: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic FunctionnINTERHEARTn: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 CountriesnINVESTn: INternational VErapamil SR/T TrandolaprilnISHn: Isolated systolic hypertensionnJNCn: Joint National CommitteenJUPITERn: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating RosuvastatinnLAVin: left atrial volume indexnLIFEn: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in HypertensivesnLVn: left ventricle/left ventricularnLVHn: left ventricular hypertrophynLVMn: left ventricular massnMDRDn: Modification of Diet in Renal DiseasenMRFITn: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention TrialnMRIn: magnetic resonance imagingnNORDILn: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention studynOCn: oral contraceptivenODn: organ damagenONTARGETn: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint TrialnPADn: peripheral artery diseasenPATHSn: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension StudynPCIn: percutaneous coronary interventionnPPARn: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptornPREVENDn: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage DiseasenPROFESSn: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary StrokesnPROGRESSn: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke StudynPWVn: pulse wave velocitynQALYn: Quality adjusted life yearsnRAAn: renin-angiotensin-aldosteronenRASn: renin-angiotensin systemnRCTn: randomized controlled trialsnRFn: risk factornROADMAPn: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria PreventionnSBPn: systolic blood pressurenSCASTn: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STrokenSCOPEn: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the ElderlynSCOREn: Systematic COronary Risk EvaluationnSHEPn: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly ProgramnSTOPn: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with HypertensionnSTOP-2n: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with HypertensionnSYSTCHINAn: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trialnSYSTEURn: SYSTolic Hypertension in EuropenTIAn: transient ischaemic attacknTOHPn: Trials Of Hypertension PreventionnTRANSCENDn: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular DiseasenUKPDSn: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes StudynVADTn: Veterans Affairs Diabetes TrialnVALUEn: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use EvaluationnWHOn: World Health Organizationnn### 1.1 PrinciplesnnThe 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation

ACCFn: American College of Cardiology FoundationnACCPn: American College of Chest PhysiciansnACSn: acute coronary syndromenACTn: Atrial arrhythmia Conversion TrialnADONISn: American–Australian–African trial with DronedarONe In atrial fibrillation or flutter for the maintenance of Sinus rhythmnAFn: atrial fibrillationnAHAn: American Heart AssociationnANDROMEDAn: ANtiarrhythmic trial with DROnedarone in Moderate-to-severe congestive heart failure Evaluating morbidity DecreAsenAPHRSn: Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm SocietynaPTTn: activated partial thromboplastin timenARBn: angiotensin-receptor blockernARISTOTLEn: Apixaban for Reduction In STroke and Other ThromboemboLic Events in atrial fibrillationnATHENAn: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel arm Trial to assess the efficacy of dronedarone 400 mg b.i.d. for the prevention of cardiovascular Hospitalization or death from any cause in patiENts with Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutternATRIAn: AnTicoagulation and Risk factors In Atrial fibrillationnAVERROESn: Apixaban VErsus acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to Reduce the Rate Of Embolic Stroke in atrial fibrillation patients who have failed or are unsuitable for vitamin K antagonist treatmentnAVROn: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, Active-controlled, superiority study of Vernakalant vs. amiodarone in Recent Onset atrial fibrillationnb.i.dn: bis in die (twice daily)nb.p.m.n: beats per minutenCABANAn: Catheter ABlation vs . ANtiarrhythmic drug therapy for Atrial fibrillationnCABGn: coronary artery bypass graftnCAPn: Continued Access to Protect AFnCHA2DS2-VAScn: Congestive heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction Hypertension, Age ≥75 (doubled), Diabetes, Stroke (doubled)-Vascular disease, Age 65–74, Sex category (female)nCHADS2n: Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75, Diabetes, Stroke (doubled)nCIn: confidence intervalnCRAFTn: Controlled Randomized Atrial Fibrillation TrialnCrCln: creatinine clearancenDAFNEn: Dronedarone Atrial FibrillatioN study after Electrical cardioversionnDIONYSOSn: Randomized Double blind trIal to evaluate efficacy and safety of drOnedarone (400 mg b.i.d.) vs . amiodaroNe (600 mg q.d. for 28 daYS, then 200 mg qd thereafter) for at least 6 mOnths for the maintenance of Sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillationnEASTn: Early treatment of Atrial fibrillation for Stroke prevention TrialnEHRAn: European Heart Rhythm AssociationnECGn: electrocardiogramnEMAn: European Medicines AgencynERATOn: Efficacy and safety of dRonedArone for The cOntrol of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillationnEURIDISn: EURopean trial In atrial fibrillation or flutter patients receiving Dronedarone for the maIntenance of Sinus rhythmnFASTn: atrial Fibrillation catheter Ablation vs . Surgical ablation TreatmentnFDAn: Food and Drug AdministrationnFlec-SLn: Flecainide Short-Long trialnHAS-BLEDn: Hypertension, Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke, Bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/alcohol concomitantlynHF-PEFn: heart failure with preserved ejection fractionnHF-REFn: heart failure with reduced ejection fractionnHRn: hazard rationHRSn: Heart Rhythm SocietynICHn: intracranial haemorrhagenINRn: international normalized rationi.v.n: intravenousnJ-RHYTHMn: Japanese RHYTHM management trial for atrial fibrillationnLAAn: left atrial appendagenLoEn: level of evidencenLVEFn: left ventricular ejection fractionnMANTRA-PAFn: Medical ANtiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial FibrillationnNICEn: National Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellencenNOACn: novel oral anticoagulantnNSAIDn: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugnNYHAn: New York Heart AssociationnOACn: oral anticoagulant or oral anticoagulationno.d.n: omni die (every day)nPALLASn: Permanent Atrial fibriLLAtion outcome Study using dronedarone on top of standard therapynPCIn: percutaneous coronary interventionnPREVAILn: Prospective Randomized EVAluation of the LAA closure device In patients with atrial fibrillation v s. Long-term warfarin therapynPROTECT AFn: WATCHMAN LAA system for embolic PROTECTion in patients with Atrial FibrillationnPTn: prothrombin timenRAAFTn: Radio frequency Ablation Atrial Fibrillation TrialnRE-LYn: Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulant therapY with dabigatran etexilatenROCKET-AFn: Rivaroxaban Once daily oral direct factor Xa inhibition Compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in atrial fibrillationnRRRn: relative risk reductionnTEn: thromboembolismnTIAn: transient ischaemic attacknt.i.d.n: ter in die (three times daily)nTOEn: transoesophageal echocardiogramnTTRn: time in therapeutic rangenVKAn: vitamin K antagonistnnGuidelines summarize and evaluate all currently available evidence on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best management strategy for an individual patient suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on …

Effect of PCI on Quality of Life in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease

BACKGROUNDnIt has not been clearly established whether percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can provide an incremental benefit in quality of life over that provided by optimal medical therapy among patients with chronic coronary artery disease.nnnMETHODSnWe randomly assigned 2287 patients with stable coronary disease to PCI plus optimal medical therapy or to optimal medical therapy alone. We assessed angina-specific health status (with the use of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire) and overall physical and mental function (with the use of the RAND 36-item health survey [RAND-36]).nnnRESULTSnAt baseline, 22% of the patients were free of angina. At 3 months, 53% of the patients in the PCI group and 42% in the medical-therapy group were angina-free (P<0.001). Baseline mean (+/-SD) Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores (which range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status) were 66+/-25 for physical limitations, 54+/-32 for angina stability, 69+/-26 for angina frequency, 87+/-16 for treatment satisfaction, and 51+/-25 for quality of life. By 3 months, these scores had increased in the PCI group, as compared with the medical-therapy group, to 76+/-24 versus 72+/-23 for physical limitation (P=0.004), 77+/-28 versus 73+/-27 for angina stability (P=0.002), 85+/-22 versus 80+/-23 for angina frequency (P<0.001), 92+/-12 versus 90+/-14 for treatment satisfaction (P<0.001), and 73+/-22 versus 68+/-23 for quality of life (P<0.001). In general, patients had an incremental benefit from PCI for 6 to 24 months; patients with more severe angina had a greater benefit from PCI. Similar incremental benefits from PCI were seen in some but not all RAND-36 domains. By 36 months, there was no significant difference in health status between the treatment groups.nnnCONCLUSIONSnAmong patients with stable angina, both those treated with PCI and those treated with optimal medical therapy alone had marked improvements in health status during follow-up. The PCI group had small, but significant, incremental benefits that disappeared by 36 months. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00007657.)

European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) : the fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts).

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously thoughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur. It remains the major cause of premature death in Europe, even though CVD mortality has fallen considerably over recent decades in many European countries. It is estimated that .80% of all CVD mortality now occurs in developing countries. CVD causes mass disability: within the coming decades the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) estimate is expected to rise from a loss of 85 million DALYs in 1990 to a loss of x02150 million DALYs globally in 2020, thereby remaining the leading somatic cause of loss of productivity.

European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)

European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) : the Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts).

Adherence of heart failure patients to exercise: barriers and possible solutions A position statement of the Study Group on Exercise Training in Heart Failure of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology

The practical management of heart failure remains a challenge. Not only are heart failure patients expected to adhere to a complicated pharmacological regimen, they are also asked to follow salt and fluid restriction, and to cope with various procedures and devices. Furthermore, physical training, whose benefits have been demonstrated, is highly recommended by the recent guidelines issued by the European Society of Cardiology, but it is still severely underutilized in this particular patient population. This position paper addresses the problem of non‐adherence, currently recognized as a main obstacle to a wide implementation of physical training. Since the management of chronic heart failure and, even more, of training programmes is a multidisciplinary effort, the current manuscript intends to reach cardiologists, nurses, physiotherapists, as well as psychologists working in the field.

FAMILY EDUCATION AND SUPPORT INTERVENTIONS IN HEART FAILURE: A PILOT STUDY

BACKGROUNDnSelf-management of dietary sodium restriction by persons with heart failure (HF) is difficult and usually occurs within the home setting and within a family context.nnnOBJECTIVEnTo compare a patient and family education (EDUC) intervention with a combined education and family partnership intervention (EDUC + FPI) for effects on improving dietary sodium self-management in persons with HF.nnnMETHODSnPatients with HF and a family member (FM) were randomized to EDUC (n = 29 dyads) or EDUC + FPI (n = 32 dyads). Participants with HF were primarily White males with a mean age of 61 years (+/-12). The FMs were primarily women and spouses and had a mean age of 54 years (+/-17). Self-reported dietary sodium (Diet NA) intake and 24-hr urinary sodium (Urine NA) were measured at baseline (BL) and 3 months (3M) after intervention. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, generalized least squares regression, paired t test, and chi-square test.nnnRESULTSnGroups did not differ by age, gender, or clinical variables; however, family functioning (Family APGAR) scores were slightly higher in the EDUC + FPI group at BL. Both groups decreased Diet NA and Urine NA from BL to 3M; the EDUC + FPI group showed greater decrease in Urine NA and had a greater percentage of those who decreased Urine NA by at least 15% (p = .04). Regression analysis to predict Urine NA revealed a significant Group x Time interaction (p = .03) when accounting for time-varying measures of body mass index (p = .001).nnnDISCUSSIONnA family-focused intervention may be useful in reducing dietary sodium intake in persons with HF. The Urine NA results support the importance of incorporating family-focused education and support interventions into HF care.

The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) today is responsible for approximately one-third of deaths worldwide, and that figure will surely increase in both developing and developed countries as risk factors for the disease--primarily dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, poor diet, and smoking--continue to increase. Although these risk factors are modifiable, to date there is a relative paucity of measures to prevent or control them, particularly in developing countries. A population strategy combined with a high-risk strategy for CVD prevention could greatly reduce the burden of disease in the coming decades. Many initiatives are working, but many more are needed. This chapter provides background on the global burden of CVD and provides the context for the subsequent chapters addressing nurses roles in reversing the bleak predictions for the ravages of CVD if risk factors are left unchecked in the coming decades.Cardiovascular disease (CVD) today is responsible for approximately one-third of deaths worldwide, and that figure will surely increase in both developing and developed countries as risk factors for the disease — primarily dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, poor diet, and smoking — continue to increase. Although these risk factors are modifiable, to date there is a relative paucity of measures to prevent or control them, particularly in developing countries. A population strategy combined with a high-risk strategy for CVD prevention could greatly reduce the burden of disease in the coming decades. Many initiatives are working, but many more are needed. This chapter provides background on the global burden of CVD and provides the context for the subsequent chapters addressing nurses roles in reversing the bleak predictions for the ravages of CVD if risk factors are left unchecked in the coming decades.

2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

ABCDn: Appropriate Blood pressure Control in DiabetesnABIn: ankle–brachial indexnABPMn: ambulatory blood pressure monitoringnACCESSn: Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke SurvivalnACCOMPLISHn: Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic HypertensionnACCORDn: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in DiabetesnACEn: angiotensin-converting enzymenACTIVE In: Atrial Fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for Prevention of Vascular EventsnADVANCEn: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-MR Controlled EvaluationnAHEADn: Action for HEAlth in DiabetesnALLHATn: Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart ATtacknALTITUDEn: ALiskiren Trial In Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-renal EndpointsnANTIPAFn: ANgioTensin II Antagonist In Paroxysmal Atrial FibrillationnAPOLLOn: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly PeoplenARBn: angiotensin receptor blockernARICn: Atherosclerosis Risk In CommunitiesnARRn: aldosterone renin rationASCOTn: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes TrialnASCOT-LLAn: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering ArmnASTRALn: Angioplasty and STenting for Renal Artery LesionsnA-Vn: atrioventricularnBBn: beta-blockernBMIn: body mass indexnBPn: blood pressurenBSAn: body surface areanCAn: calcium antagonistnCABGn: coronary artery bypass graftnCAPPPn: CAPtopril Prevention ProjectnCAPRAFn: CAndesartan in the Prevention of Relapsing Atrial FibrillationnCHDn: coronary heart diseasenCHHIPSn: Controlling Hypertension and Hypertension Immediately Post-StrokenCKDn: chronic kidney diseasenCKD-EPIn: Chronic Kidney Disease—EPIdemiology collaborationnCONVINCEn: Controlled ONset Verapamil INvestigation of CV EndpointsnCTn: computed tomographynCVn: cardiovascularnCVDn: cardiovascular diseasenDn: diureticnDASHn: Dietary Approaches to Stop HypertensionnDBPn: diastolic blood pressurenDCCTn: Diabetes Control and Complications StudynDIRECTn: DIabetic REtinopathy Candesartan TrialsnDMn: diabetes mellitusnDPP-4n: dipeptidyl peptidase 4nEASn: European Atherosclerosis SocietynEASDn: European Association for the Study of DiabetesnECGn: electrocardiogramnEFn: ejection fractionneGFRn: estimated glomerular filtration ratenELSAn: European Lacidipine Study on AtherosclerosisnESCn: European Society of CardiologynESHn: European Society of HypertensionnESRDn: end-stage renal diseasenEXPLORn: Amlodipine–Valsartan Combination Decreases Central Systolic Blood Pressure more Effectively than the Amlodipine–Atenolol CombinationnFDAn: U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationnFEVERn: Felodipine EVent Reduction studynGISSI-AFn: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nellInfarto Miocardico-Atrial FibrillationnHbA1cn: glycated haemoglobinnHBPMn: home blood pressure monitoringnHOPEn: Heart Outcomes Prevention EvaluationnHOTn: Hypertension Optimal TreatmentnHRTn: hormone replacement therapynHTn: hypertensionnHYVETn: HYpertension in the Very Elderly TrialnIMTn: intima-media thicknessnI-PRESERVEn: Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic FunctionnINTERHEARTn: Effect of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors associated with Myocardial Infarction in 52 CountriesnINVESTn: INternational VErapamil SR/T TrandolaprilnISHn: Isolated systolic hypertensionnJNCn: Joint National CommitteenJUPITERn: Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating RosuvastatinnLAVin: left atrial volume indexnLIFEn: Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in HypertensivesnLVn: left ventricle/left ventricularnLVHn: left ventricular hypertrophynLVMn: left ventricular massnMDRDn: Modification of Diet in Renal DiseasenMRFITn: Multiple Risk Factor Intervention TrialnMRIn: magnetic resonance imagingnNORDILn: The Nordic Diltiazem Intervention studynOCn: oral contraceptivenODn: organ damagenONTARGETn: ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint TrialnPADn: peripheral artery diseasenPATHSn: Prevention And Treatment of Hypertension StudynPCIn: percutaneous coronary interventionnPPARn: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptornPREVENDn: Prevention of REnal and Vascular ENdstage DiseasenPROFESSn: Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Secondary StrokesnPROGRESSn: Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke StudynPWVn: pulse wave velocitynQALYn: Quality adjusted life yearsnRAAn: renin-angiotensin-aldosteronenRASn: renin-angiotensin systemnRCTn: randomized controlled trialsnRFn: risk factornROADMAPn: Randomized Olmesartan And Diabetes MicroAlbuminuria PreventionnSBPn: systolic blood pressurenSCASTn: Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Candesartan for Treatment of Acute STrokenSCOPEn: Study on COgnition and Prognosis in the ElderlynSCOREn: Systematic COronary Risk EvaluationnSHEPn: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly ProgramnSTOPn: Swedish Trials in Old Patients with HypertensionnSTOP-2n: The second Swedish Trial in Old Patients with HypertensionnSYSTCHINAn: SYSTolic Hypertension in the Elderly: Chinese trialnSYSTEURn: SYSTolic Hypertension in EuropenTIAn: transient ischaemic attacknTOHPn: Trials Of Hypertension PreventionnTRANSCENDn: Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular DiseasenUKPDSn: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes StudynVADTn: Veterans Affairs Diabetes TrialnVALUEn: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use EvaluationnWHOn: World Health Organizationnn### 1.1 PrinciplesnnThe 2013 guidelines on hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology …

ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD - summary.

ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD - summary.