Christia Meidiana

The Emergy Value Assessment of Municipal Waste Management in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The emergy values of three different scenarios for the new landfill in Yogyakarta City were calculated to evaluate the sustainability and efficiency. The assessment included the environmental parameters which are Environmental Yield Ratio (EYR), Net Emergy, Environmental Loading ratio (ELR) and Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI).The calculation of emergy indices showed that treatment in landfill requires the largest emergy input for all scenarios with the percentage between 92% and 97%. Scenario 0 contains the lowest total solar emergy implying that it requires lower emergy input compared to other scenarios. Scenario 1 needs the lowest emergy investment. Meanwhile, Scenario 2 offers the highest emergy recovery contributed mainly by the output from higher scavenging rate. Scenario 2 is the best option for the municipal waste management in Yogyakarta since it meets more criteria for sustainability and efficiency.

Increasing Farmers’ Affordability for Anaerobic Digester Construction in Rural Area Using Spatial Cluster Analysis

Spatial cluster analysis is used in this study to group non-biogas farmers since the unaffordability of the individual anaerobic digester (AD) is the main factor in slow biogas development in rural areas. Therefore, this study aims to determine the most reasonable manure biogas management in Argosari Village, Malang Regency, East Java Province. There are 234 farmers raising 596 cows and 44 farmer households who have been using manure waste as feedstock for AD. The biogas generated is mainly used for cooking. Before clustering, the individual affordability for the farmer is measured, while the group’s affordability was estimated afterward under two conditions. The first condition is based on cow ownership, and the second is based on the AD capacity. GIS techniques were used to determine the cluster size and location. Cluster size is characterized by the number of households and the spatial proximity of the cluster members. Cluster location indicates the prospective AD location as it meets the maximum distance between the house and the AD. Before clustering, almost 100% of farmers cannot afford the AD since the individual cost burden is relative high. Clustering decreases the cost burden and increases the affordability consequently with two different percentages. AD size-based biogas management increases farmer’s affordability more effectively than cow ownership-based biogas management does. The 4m3 and 6m3 AD are appropriate for the cluster, since most AD construction cost is supported by the local government. However, not all of the manure waste can be used as feedstock, allowing environmental pollution. Meanwhile, the cow ownership-based measurement increases the affordability but only for some farmers.

Energy Conversion in Compliance of Energy Self-Sufficient Village Program. Case Study: Jarak Village

The Energy Self-Sufficient Village (ESSV) is one of the main programs from Goverment of Indonesia (GoI) initiated in 2007 and addressed to improve the capability of rural areas to meet the local energy demand from renewable energy. The fulfillment of 60% energy demand is required in ESSV and the source of the energy must be renewable energy. Jarak Village has potentialas to be developed as an ESSV since it has 237 cattles generated manure waste can be converted into biogas. However, the actual conditions showed that the utilization of manure waste as source of biogas is only 14% or about 124,2 kWh covering the energy demand from 40 households. The estimation of the total cattle available in the village can actually covers up to 62% energy demand. The existing numbers of cows generate 82.8 m3 biogas equivalents to 124,2 kWh. Nevertheless, only 124,2 kWh 14% has been consumed by 40 households. It indicates that the consumption of biogas is not optimal. Therefore, the study purposes to evaluate and to estimate the capability of the village to meet the criteria of ESV. With the assumption that there is population growth 0.01%, the criteria of ESV can be fulfilled in 2014. The energy supply of ESV in 2014 is 62%. It indicates that the Jarak Village can actually meet the criteria of ESV in 2014.