Christina C. C. Willis

High-power widely tunable thulium fiber lasers

Applications requiring long-range atmospheric propagation are driving the development of high-power thulium fiber lasers. We report on the performance of two different laser configurations for high-power tunable thulium fiber lasers: one is a single oscillator utilizing a volume Bragg grating for wavelength stabilization; the other is a master oscillator power amplifier system with the oscillator stabilized and made tunable by a diffraction grating. Each configuration provides >150 W of average power, >50% slope efficiency, narrow output linewidth, and >100 nm tunability in the wavelength range around 2 μm.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of copper with a 2 μm thulium fiber laser

We report the first implementation of a 2 microm thulium fiber laser in a Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy system. Emission from plasma on copper samples was analyzed from 200 to 900 nm. The low ablation fluence (<100 J.cm(-2)) and 200 ns pulse duration lead to a plasma with neither continuum emission, nor air emission in the near-infrared region.

Integrated Tm:fiber MOPA with polarized output and narrow linewidth with 100 W average power

We report on a Tm:fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system producing 109 W CW output power, with >15 dB polarization extinction ratio, sub-nm spectral linewidth, and M2 <1.25. The system consists of polarization maintaining (PM) fiber and PM-fiber components including tapered fiber bundle pump combiners, a single-mode to large mode area mode field adapter, and a fiber-coupled isolator. The laser components ultimately determine the system architecture and the limits of laser performance, particularly considering the immature and rapidly developing state of fiber components in the 2 μm wavelength regime.

Spectral narrowing and stabilization of thulium fiber lasers using guided-mode resonance filters

We used guided-mode resonance filters (GMRFs), fabricated using thin-film deposition and chemical etching, as intracavity feedback elements to stabilize and narrow the output spectrum in thulium-doped fiber oscillators operating in the 2 μm wavelength regime, producing linewidths of <700 pm up to 10 W power levels. A Tm fiber-based amplified spontaneous emission source was used to characterize the reflective properties of the GMRFs. Linewidths of 500 pm and a 7.3 dB reduction in transmission were measured on resonances.

Highly polarized all-fiber thulium laser with femtosecond-laser-written fiber Bragg gratings.

We demonstrate and characterize a highly linearly polarized (18.8 dB) narrow spectral emission (<80 pm) from an all-fiber Tm laser utilizing femtosecond-laser-written fiber Bragg gratings. Thermally-dependent anisotropic birefringence is observed in the FBG transmission, the effects of which enable both the generation and elimination of highly linearly polarized output. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of such thermal anisotropic birefringence in femtosecond-written FBGs.

High-energy Q-switched Tm3+-doped polarization maintaining silica fiber laser

We report the performance of an actively Q-switched Tm fiber laser system. The laser was stabilized to sub-nanometer spectral width using each of two feedback elements: a blazed reflection grating and a volume Bragg grating. Maximum pulse energy using the reflection grating was 325 μJ pulses at 1992 nm (< 200 pm width) with a 125 ns duration at a 20 kHz repetition rate. Maximum pulse energy using the volume Bragg grating was 225 μJ pulses at 2052 nm (<200 pm width) with a 200 ns duration also at 20 kHz. We also report the lasers performance as an ablation source for LIBS experiments on copper.

High-power spectral beam combining of linearly polarized Tm:fiber lasers

To date, high-power scaling of Tm:fiber lasers has been accomplished by maximizing the power from a single fiber aperture. In this work, we investigate power scaling by spectral beam combination of three linearly polarized Tm:fiber MOPA lasers using dielectric mirrors with a steep transition from highly reflective to highly transmissive that enable a minimum wavelength separation of 6 nm between individual laser channels within the wavelength range from 2030 to 2050 nm. Maximum output power is 253 W with M(2)<2, ultimately limited by thermal lensing in the beam combining elements.

Atmospheric absorption spectroscopy using Tm: fiber sources around two microns

We report on a thulium doped silica fiber ASE source for absorption spectroscopy of CO2. The average spectral power of this source was 2.3-6.1 μW/nm. This low spectral power of this source posed limitation in the sensitivity of the system which was overcome by using an ultrashort pulsed Raman amplifier system with 50-125 μW/nm average spectral power. This system produced CO2 sensitivity better than 300 ppm making measurement of CO2 possible at standard atmospheric concentrations.

Atmospheric propagation testing with a high power, tunable thulium fiber laser system

A tunable master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) fiber laser system based on thulium doped silica fiber designed for investigation of multi-kilometer propagation through atmospheric transmission windows existing from ~2030 nm to ~2050 nm and from ~2080 nm to beyond 2100 nm is demonstrated. The system includes a master oscillator tunable over >200 nm of bandwidth from 1902 nm to beyond 2106 nm producing up to 10 W of linearly polarized, stable, narrow linewidth output power with near diffraction limited beam quality. Output from the seed laser is amplified in a power amplifier stage designed for operation at up to 200 W CW over a tuning range from 1927 - 2097 nm. Initial field tests of this system at the Innovative Science & Technology Experimental Facility (ISTEF) laser range on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida will be discussed. Results presented will include investigation of transmission versus wavelength both in and out of atmospheric windows, at a variety of distances. Investigations of beam quality degradation at ranges up to 1 km at a variety of wavelengths both in and out of atmospheric transmission windows will be also presented. Available theoretical models of atmospheric transmission are compared to the experimental results.

Tunable high power thulium fiber lasers

Two thulium fiber laser configurations are described providing widely tunable and narrow linewidth output. We show that such systems can produce average powers greater than 100 W.