Christine Hockley
University of Oxford
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The Journal of Pediatrics | 2012
Maria A. Quigley; Christine Hockley; Claire Carson; Yvonne Kelly; Mary J. Renfrew; Amanda Sacker
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between breastfeeding and child cognitive development in term and preterm children. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed data on white singleton children from the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. Children were grouped according to breastfeeding duration. Results were stratified by gestational age at birth: 37 to 42 weeks (term, n = 11,101), and 28 to 36 weeks (preterm, n = 778). British Ability Scales tests were administered at age 5 years (naming vocabulary, pattern construction, and picture similarities subscales). RESULTS The mean scores for all subscales increased with breastfeeding duration. After adjusting for confounders, there was a significant difference in mean score between children who were breastfed and children who were never breastfed: in term children, a two-point increase in score for picture similarities (when breastfed ≥ 4 months) and naming vocabulary (when breastfed ≥ 6 months); in preterm children, a 4-point increase for naming vocabulary (when breastfed ≥ 4 months) and picture similarities (when breastfed ≥ 2 months) and a 6-point increase for pattern construction (when breastfed ≥ 2 months). These differences suggest that breastfed children will be 1 to 6 months ahead of children who were never breastfed. CONCLUSIONS In white, singleton children in the United Kingdom, breastfeeding is associated with improved cognitive development, particularly in children born preterm.
Pediatrics | 2004
Frances Gardner; Ann Johnson; Patricia Yudkin; Ursula Bowler; Christine Hockley; Lesley Mutch; Unni Wariyar
Objectives. To investigate behavioral and emotional problems and positive adjustment of 15-to 16-year-olds who were born at extremely low gestational age (ELGA), from the perspective of parents, teachers, and teenagers. Methods. Prospective follow-up was conducted of birth cohorts, with classroom control subjects. All infants who were born before 29 weeks in 1983–1984 (mean gestational age: 27 weeks) to mothers who resided in 3 regions of the United Kingdom were studied. A total of 82% (179 of 218) of survivors were traced at age 15 to 16. The 150 in mainstream school were compared with age- and gender-matched classroom control subjects (n = 108). Behavioral and emotional problems, delinquency, peer relations, self-esteem, and hobbies, were assessed by standardized, well-validated instruments, including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, administered by mail to parents, teenagers, and teachers. Results. Parents were more likely to rate ELGA teenagers than control subjects as in the “abnormal” range for hyperactivity (8% vs 1%; difference: 7%; (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2–12), peer relationship problems (19% vs 5%; difference: 14%; 95% CI: 6-21), and emotional problems (18% vs 7%; difference: 11%; 95% CI: 3-19), but not conduct problems (10% vs 5%; difference: 5%; 95% CI: −1 to 12)). Teachers reported a similar pattern. In contrast, compared with control subjects, ELGA teenagers did not rate themselves as having more problems with peers, hyperactivity, conduct, depression, or low self-esteem. They reported more emotional problems but less delinquency, alcohol, cannabis, and other drug use. Conclusions. Compared with mainstream classmates, children who are born extremely early continue to have higher levels of parent- and teacher-reported emotional, attentional, and peer problems well into their teens. However, despite these problems, they do not show signs of more serious conduct disorders, delinquency, drug use, or depression.
Archives of Disease in Childhood-fetal and Neonatal Edition | 2003
Ann Johnson; Ursula Bowler; Patricia Yudkin; Christine Hockley; Unni Wariyar; F Gardner; Lesley Mutch
Objective: To ascertain the health and school performance of teenagers born before 29 weeks gestation (extremely low gestational age (ELGA)) and to compare those in mainstream school with classroom controls. Methods: Three geographically defined cohorts of babies born in 1983 and 1984 were traced at the age of 15–16 years. Their health, abilities, and educational performance were ascertained using postal questionnaires to the teenagers themselves, their parents, their general practitioners, and the teachers of those in mainstream school. Identical questionnaires were sent to classroom controls. Results: Of the 218 teenagers surviving to the age of 16 years, information was obtained on 179. Of these, 29 were in special schools and 150 in mainstream school, 10 of whom had severe motor or sensory impairment. Using the Child Health Questionnaire, parents of teenagers in mainstream school reported a higher incidence of problems than controls in physical functioning (difference in mean scores 9.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9 to 13.1)) and family life (difference in mean scores for family cohesion 7.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 12.4)). In all areas of learning, teachers rated the ability of the ELGA teenagers in mainstream school lower than the control group. Parents of teenagers in special schools reported a higher rate of problems in most areas. Conclusions: One in six ELGA survivors at age 16 years have severe disabilities and are in special schools. Most ELGA survivors are in mainstream school and are coping well as they enter adult life, although some will continue to need additional health, educational, and social services.
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology | 2007
Ron Gray; Maria A. Quigley; Christine Hockley; Jennifer J. Kurinczuk; Michael J Goldacre; Peter Brocklehurst
Objective Two recent studies indicate an increased risk of stillbirth in the pregnancy that follows a pregnancy delivered by caesarean section. In this study, we report an analysis designed to test the hypothesis that delivery by caesarean section is a risk factor for explained or unexplained stillbirth in any subsequent pregnancy. We also report on the proportion of stillbirths in our study population, which may have been attributable to previous delivery by caesarean section.
Archives of Disease in Childhood-fetal and Neonatal Edition | 2004
Jane Henderson; Christine Hockley; Stavros Petrou; Michael J Goldacre; Leslie L. Davidson
Objectives: To estimate long term health service costs for hospital stays associated with singleton, twin, and higher order multiple births up to 5 years of age. Design: Costs from specialty based data from the English Department of Health’s NHS Trust Financial Returns were applied to admissions recorded in the Oxford record linkage study during 1970–1993. Setting: Oxfordshire and West Berkshire, United Kingdom. Subjects: A total of 276 897 children, of whom 270 428 were singletons, 6284 were twins, and 185 were higher order multiple births. Main outcome measures: Duration of hospital admissions during the first 5 years of life. Costs, expressed in £ sterling and valued at 1998–1999 prices, of hospital inpatient services. Results: The total duration of hospital admissions for twins and triplets were respectively twice and eight times that for singletons, once duration of life had been taken into account. Inpatient costs were significantly higher for multiple births than for singletons, with the cost differences concentrated in the first year of life. Over the first 5 years of life, the adjusted mean cost was estimated at £1532 (95% confidence interval (CI) £1516 to £1548) for singletons, £3826 (95%CI £3724 to £3929) for twins, and £8156 (95%CI £7559 to £8754) for higher order multiple births (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Multiple births contribute disproportionately to hospital inpatient costs, especially during the children’s first year of life.
Prenatal Diagnosis | 2008
Rachel Rowe; D. Puddicombe; Christine Hockley; Maggie Redshaw
To compare offer and uptake of prenatal screening for Down syndrome in women from different social and ethnic backgrounds.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | 2009
Maria A. Quigley; Christine Hockley; Claire Carson; Yvonne Kelly; Mary J. Renfrew; Amanda Sacker
To assess the relationship between breastfeeding and child cognitive development, and whether this relationship varies according to prematurity. Population-based cohort (Sweeps 1 and 3 of the UK Millennium Cohort Study). UK. 11 801 white singleton children born in 2000–2002. Children were grouped according to their breastfeeding status (ever vs never; and duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding). Results were stratified according to gestational age at birth: 37–42 weeks (term); 33–36 weeks (moderately preterm); and 28–32 weeks (very preterm). British Ability …
Pediatrics | 2003
Stavros Petrou; Ziyah Mehta; Christine Hockley; Paula Cook-Mozaffari; Jane Henderson; Michael J Goldacre
Health Economics | 2005
Stavros Petrou; Christine Hockley
Human Reproduction | 2007
M Redshaw; Christine Hockley; L. L. Davidson