Christine Mansilla

Fower-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-X: Which markets? Which economic potential? Answers from the literature

With the expansion of renewable energys contribution to the energy mix, balancing the electricity grid is becoming increasingly challenging. Alongside other solutions, Power-to-Hydrogen concepts are gaining significant interest. In this paper, the “Task 38”, initiated by the Hydrogen Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency, presents the first of a two-step literature review regarding Power-to-Hydrogen and Hydrogen-to-X concepts with a focus on prospective market and economic potential. The study reveals a large scope of literature that shows a considerable variety of suggested implementation schemes. The transportation sector is identified as the most promising consumer market. Hydrogen-to-Gas pathways will require subsidies in order to be profitable. Hydrogen-to-Power becomes an economically promising option in the context of systems with high shares of renewables and a need for longer-term storages. Additionally, key enablers for Power-to-Hydrogen concepts are identified; namely support policies, concurrently with ongoing progress on the development and implementation of industry standard.

Fower-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-X pathways: Opportunities for next generation energy systems

Energy systems are evolving rapidly around the world, driven mainly by CO2-e reduction targets. This has led to opportunities for integrated low carbon electricity-and-fuel systems founded on large scale “Power-to-Hydrogen, Hydrogen-to-X” (PtH-HtX). Power-to-Hydrogen (PtH) refers to large scale electrolysis. Hydrogen-to-X (HtX) refers to a range of high value products and services. If these pathways start with low-carbon electricity, then the fuel consumed at the downstream end also low-carbon. Use of intermittently low valued power lowers all production costs. This paper specifically identifies the main pathways and interconnections in a way that overcomes the ambiguities inherent in the term “Power-to-Gas”. In turn, this provides solid and easier to understand foundations for building legal and regulatory frameworks for new business opportunities along the lengths of the numerous pathways from supply to consumption.

Hydrogen Applications: Overview of the Key Economic Issues and Perspectives

Abstract Hydrogens potential applications are very diverse. From industry to the transport sector, hydrogen can address a wide range of needs. This chapter paints a global picture of hydrogens current and future applications. For each of these applications, we discuss the potential for economic competitiveness by highlighting the main drivers and variables: hydrogens competitors, and price and cost goals for hydrogen. But beyond the possible markets for hydrogen, hydrogen systems could offer broader services. Thanks to the characteristics of hydrogen production, hydrogen systems could enable a more environment-friendly, smart energy system. We examine this in the last part of the chapter, with a special focus on services that hydrogen systems could potentially provide to the electric system.

Nuclear power: a promising back-up option to promote renewable penetration in the French power system? Topic: Renewable system integration

The general 3X20 European directive proposes renewable penetration goals. In France, 27 % of the electricity is to be produced by renewable resources by 2020, and this share will be continuously growing until 2050. Among these resources, some—such as wind and solar—are not dispatchable, which trigger challenges to maintain the reliability target level of the power system, both in the short and long term. Wind and solar are expected to contribute to about 12 % of the French electricity production by 2020 and according to voluntaristic scenarios they could contribute to over 50 % of the total electricity production by 2050.

L’hydrogène dans la transition énergétique. Trois facteurs clés : la production, les applications à la mobilité et l’acceptation par le public

76 REE N°2/2015 LHYDROGENE DOSSIER 1 L’hydrogene dans la transition energetique Trois facteurs cles : la production, les applications a la mobilite et l’acceptation par le public Par Jean-Guy Devezeaux1 , Christine Mansilla2 , Elisabeth Le Net3 , Alain Le Duigou4 docteur d’Etat en sciences economiques, directeur de l’I-tese1 , docteur en sciences de l’ingenieur2 docteur en economie3 , docteur ingenieur en genie mecanique4 Most hydrogen is currently produced and consumed for the synthesis of ammonia and oil refining. In addition, the use of hydrogen as energy vector for mobile and stationary applications may represent a huge potential market in the next few decades. Prototype installations are at work to contribute to the electric system management and hundreds of experimental hydrogen vehicles are on the roads. Many research programs focus on the direct use of hydrogen in transporta- tion, as a fuel for fuel cells or a mixture with natural gas, production of biofuels and synthetic fuels, or for electricity storage. The energy transition will last till 2050 and beyond. Until then, very significant progress will be made. The CEA diagnosed that the first sig