Christophe Issartel

Oxidation of alumina formers at 1173 K: effect of yttrium ion implantation and yttrium alloying addition

Abstract The oxidation behaviour of three alumina forming FeCrAl alloys has been investigated during isothermal exposures in air at 1173 K. Two of them were Kanthal A1, differing by the presence or not of implanted yttrium. The third one, Kanthal AF contains alloying additions of yttrium. Kinetic results indicate that only yttrium implantation significantly reduces the growth rate of the oxide scale during the early oxidation stage. For longer oxidation times, the reactive element markedly influences the oxidation rate and the composition of the oxide scale, whatever its introduction mode in the alloy. In situ X-ray diffraction shows that yttrium suppresses the formation of transition alumina and promotes the growth of α-Al 2 O 3 , thereby leading to the earlier formation of a protective oxide scale.

In-situ characterization of the oxide scale formed on yttrium-coated 304 stainless steel at 1000 °C

Abstract In-situ X-ray diffraction was combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses to characterize the oxides formed on yttrium-coated 304 stainless steel during oxidation at 1000 °C in air. Results are compared with those obtained on uncoated specimens. Care has also been taken on the structural transformations during the cooling process. At 1000 °C, yttrium leads to the formation of YCrO 3 and YCrO 4 oxides. These oxides are mainly located at the external interface. Moreover, silicon segregation at the oxide–metal interface is also observed. The yttrium coating seems to promote a favorable effect on the continuity of the silicon-rich subscale limiting the oxide scale growth and the formation of iron oxides. Thermogravimetric studies reveal that yttrium addition leads to a lower weight gain which is related to a limitation of the initial transient oxidation stage and to a reduction of the parabolic rate constant.

Yttrium sol–gel coating effects on the cyclic oxidation behaviour of 304 stainless steel

Abstract The present results reveal the interest of sol–gel coating technique to improve 304 steel high temperature oxidation resistance. An yttrium sol–gel coating appears to enhance the oxidation resistance during isothermal oxidation test, to decrease widely the oxide weight gain and to reduce the initial transient oxidation stage generally observed in the case of blank steels. Moreover, the experimental results confirm that yttrium sol–gel coating also plays a significant role on the cyclic oxidation behaviour of the 304 steel. In fact, the yttrium addition promotes remarkably the prolongation of the period during which the oxide scale still remains adherent to the substrate.

Yttrium implantation effect on 304L stainless steel high temperature oxidation at 1000°C

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and in situ X-ray diffraction techniques were carried out to observe the oxide scale evolutions of yttrium implanted and unimplanted commercial 304L stainless steels during and after their high temperature oxidation at 1000°C for 100 h. Our results clearly demonstrate that yttrium implantation promotes a faster oxide scale growth and the formation of a more uniform chromia layer due to a higher chromium selective oxidation compared to unimplanted 304L stainless steel. Moreover, the presence of yttrium also leads to the formation of an enriched silicon layer at the metal-oxide interface limiting the growth of iron-based oxides which were not detected (even during cooling) in the case of yttrium implanted samples. These results allow to understand the low weight gain of yttrium implanted 304L stainless steel observed by thermogravimetry and underline the beneficial effect of yttrium implantation on the 304L oxidation resistance at high temperature.

Influence of yttrium-alloying addition on the oxidation of alumina formers at 1173 K

The oxidation behavior of three commercial Fe–Cr–Al alloys, Kanthal APM, Kanthal A1, and Kanthal AF (containing alloying additions of yttrium), has been investigated during isothermal exposures in air at 1173 K. After an initial transient stage, a diffusional process appears to predominantly control the oxidation kinetics of both alloys. During the transient stage, relatively important mass gains have been registered and the presence of yttrium does not seem to have a significant effect on the oxidation rate. On the contrary, the reactive element markedly influences the parabolic oxidation rate and the composition of the oxide scale. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that yttrium promotes the transformation of transition alumina into α-Al2O3, leading to the formation of a more protective oxide scale.

Effects of Titanium on a Ferritic Steel Oxidation at 950°C

This work presents the titanium effect on the oxidation behaviour of chromia-forming alloys at 950°C. When the amount of titanium is high enough in the substrate, in situ XRD permit to show that this element reacts with oxygen to form Cr2TiO5. This oxide is quickly transformed into TiO2 during the first hours of oxidation. These oxides contribute to an increase of the mass gain registered. Titanium leads to a doping effect of the chromia layer inducing an increase of the cationic vacancies concentration and chromium diffusion.

Effect of Lanthanum Sol-Gel Coating on the Oxidation Behaviour of the AISI 304 Steel at 1000°C

The aim of the present work is to investigate the effect of Lanthanum surface addition on the oxidation behaviour of the AISI 304 stainless steel, in air, at 1000°C. The in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses on the blank steel reveal that after the first 10h oxidation, a change in the structural composition of the oxide scale occurs. During the first ten hours oxidation an initial growth of chromia and Mn1,5Cr1,5O4 is observed. After 10 h oxidation, chromia is not detected anymore and iron-containing oxides such as hematite (Fe2O3) and iron chromite (FeCr2O4) are observed in the outer part of the scale. With blank AISI 304 specimens, the iron-containing oxides are generally not very protective and show severe spallation during cooling to room temperature due to thermal stresses. They do not allow a good adherence of the corrosion layer under thermal cycling. On the Lanthanum coated AISI 304 Stainless Steel the oxidation rate is 10 times lower. In situ XRD analyses show the absence of iron containing oxides. It reveals the formation of a fine convoluted Cr2O3 layer associated with the formation of the mixed oxides Mn1,5Cr1,5O4 and LaCrO3. LaCrO3 is found to be located at the oxide/steel interface. Our results show that, even though the scale formed under isothermal conditions is not composed of iron containing oxides, Lanthanum sol-gel coating does not prevent spallation during thermal cycling at 1000°C.

The Nitridation, A Way To Improve High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour Of AISI 304

The present study focuses on the high temperature oxidation of a AISI 304 chromiaforming nitrided alloy. Isothermal oxidations were performed in air, at 800°C. The effect of nitridation on the steel surface depends on the temperature of the treatment. It leads whether to a γN solid solution formation or to CrN formation. In situ X-ray diffraction has been used to follow the oxides formation. Results show the concomitant growth of CrN and Fe2O3 at the beginning of the test. Then, Cr2O3 quickly appears which leads to the formation of a protective oxide scale (a parabolic rate law is observed). Our conclusions suggest that nitridation increases the high temperature oxidation resistance of 304 steels at 800°C.

The Effects of Reactive Element Oxide Coatings on the High Temperature Oxidation of FeCrAl Alloy

The effect of reactive element additions (external doping as an yttrium-oxide coating on the metal) on the oxidation behaviour of a commercial FeCrAl alloy (Kanthal A1) has been investigated during isothermal exposures in air at 1373K. The scale growth kinetics of the bare alloy obey a parabolic rate law during the whole oxidation test whereas the kinetic curves of the yttrium-bearing specimen exhibit an initial transient stage during the first hours, followed by a parabolic regime. The yttrium addition to the bare alloy does not give the beneficial effect usually ascribed to the reactive elements. No significant oxidation rate improvement of the alloy is observed, the parabolic rate constants values obtained are roughly similar for the both specimens. In situ X-ray diffraction reveals a marked influence of the reactive element on the composition of the oxide scale. The oxide layer formed on the yttrium-bearing specimen revealed, in addition to α- alumina which is the main oxide also identified on the bare specimen, the presence of yttrium aluminates (YAlO3, Y3Al5O12) located in the outermost part of the layer.

Manganese effect on isothermal high temperature oxidation behaviour of AISI 304 stainless steel

Chromia-forming steels are excellent candidates to resist to high temperature oxidizing atmospheres because they form protective oxide scales. The oxide scale growth mechanisms are studied by exposing AISI 304 stainless steel to high temperature conditions in air, and the analyses were carried out by means of thermogravimetry and in situ X-rays diffraction. The in situ XRD analyses carried out during high temperature AISI 304 steel oxidation in air reveals the accelerated growth of iron-containing oxides such as hematite Fe2O3 and iron-chromite FeCr2O4, when the initial germination of the oxide layer contains the presence of a manganese-containing spinel compound (1000°C). When the initial growth shows the only chromia formation (800°C), hematite formation appears differed in time. Protection against corrosion is thus increased when the initial germination of manganese-containing spinel oxide is inhibited in the oxide scale.