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Revista Medica De Chile | 2016

Sharing Clinical Trial Data — A Proposal from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

Taichman Db; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) believes that there is an ethical obligation to responsibly share data generated by interventional clinical trials because participants have put themselves at risk. In a growing consensus, many funders around the world — foundations, government agencies, and industry — now mandate data sharing. Here we outline the ICMJE’s proposed requirements to help meet this obligation. We encourage feedback on the proposed requirements. Anyone can provide feedback at www.icmje.org by 18 April 2016. The ICMJE defines a clinical trial as any research project that prospectively assigns people or a group of people to an intervention, with or without concurrent comparison or control groups, to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a health-related intervention and a health outcome. Further details may be found in the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals at www.icmje.org. As a condition of consideration for publication of a clinical trial report in our member journals, the ICMJE proposes to require authors to share with others the deidentified individualpatient data (IPD) underlying the results presented in the article (including tables, figures, and appendices or supplementary material) no later than 6 months after publication. The data underlying the results are defined as the IPD required to reproduce the article’s findings, including necessary metadata. This requirement will go into effect for clinical trials that begin to enroll participants beginning 1 year after the ICMJE adopts its data-sharing requirements. (The ICMJE plans to adopt data-sharing requirements after considering feedback received to the proposals made here.) Enabling responsible data sharing is a major endeavor that will affect the fabric of how clinical trials are planned and conducted and how their data are used. By changing the requirements of the manuscripts we will consider for publication in our journals, editors can help foster this endeavor. As editors, our direct influence is logically, and practically, limited to those data underpinning the results and analyses we publish in our journals. The ICMJE also proposes to require that authors include a plan for data sharing as a component of clinical trial registration. This plan must include where the researchers will house the data and, if not in a public repository, the mechanism by which they will provide others access to the data, as well as other data-sharing plan elements outlined in the 2015 Institute of Medicine Report (e.g., whether data will be freely available to anyone upon request or only after application to and approval by a learned intermediary, whether a data use agreement will be required).1 ClinicalTrials.gov has added an element to its registration platform to collect datasharing plans. We encourage other trial registries to similarly incorporate mechanisms for the registration of data-sharing plans. Trialists who want to publish in ICMJE member journals (or nonmember journals that choose to follow these recommendations) should choose a registry that includes a data-sharing plan element as a specified registry item or allows for its entry as a free-text statement in a miscellaneous registry field. As a condition of consideration for publication in our member journals, authors will be


PLOS Medicine | 2016

Sharing Clinical Trial Data: A Proposal from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

Darren B. Taichman; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

In a joint publication across 14 member journals, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) proposes to require sharing of deidentified individual patient data underlying published clinical trials.


JAMA | 2016

Sharing Clinical Trial Data: A Proposal From the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

Darren B. Taichman; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) believes that there is an ethical obligation to responsibly share data generated by interventional clinical trials because participants have put themselves at risk. In a growing consensus, many funders around the world—foundations, government agencies, and industry—now mandate data sharing. Here we outline ICMJE’s proposed requirements to help meet this obligation. We encourage feedback on the proposed requirements. Anyone can provide feedback at www.icmje.org by April 18, 2016.


The Lancet | 2016

Sharing clinical trial data: a proposal from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

Darren B. Taichman; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

Committee of Medical Journal Editors T International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) believes that there is an ethical obligation to responsibly share data generated by interventional clinical trials because participants have put themselves at risk. In a growing consensus, many funders around the world—foundations, government agencies, and industry—now mandate data sharing. Here we outline ICMJEs proposed requirements to help meet this obligation. We encourage feedback on the proposed requirements. Anyone can provide feedback at www.icmje.org by 18 April 2016. The ICMJE defines a clinical trial as any research project that prospectively assigns people or a group of people to an intervention, with or without concurrent comparison or control groups, to study the cause-andeffect relationship between a health-related intervention and a health outcome. Further details may be found in the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals at www.icmje.org. As a condition of consideration for publication of a clinical trial report in our member journals, the ICMJE proposes to require authors to share with others the deidentified individual-patient data (IPD) underlying the results presented in the article (including tables, figures, and appendices or supplementary material) no later than 6 months after publication. The data underlying the results are defined as the IPD required to reproduce the articles findings, including necessary metadata. This requirement will go into effect for clinical trials that begin to enroll participants beginning 1 year after the ICMJE adopts its data-sharing requirements.* Enabling responsible data sharing is a major endeavor that will affect the fabric of how clinical trials are planned and conducted and how their data are used. By changing the requirements of the manuscripts we will consider for publication in our journals, editors can help foster this endeavor. As editors, our direct influence is logically, and practically, limited to those data underpinning the results and analyses we publish in our journals. The ICMJE also proposes to require that authors include a plan for data sharing as a component of clinical trial registration. This plan must include where the researchers will house the data and, if not in a public repository, the mechanism by which they will provide others access to the data, as well as other data-sharing plan elements outlined in the 2015 Institute of Medicine Report (e.g., whether data will be freely available to anyone upon request or only after application to and approval by a learned intermediary, whether a data use agreement will be required) (1). ClinicalTrials.gov has added an element to its registration platform to collect data-sharing plans. We encourage other trial registries to similarly incorporate mechanisms for the registration of data-sharing plans. Trialists who want to publish in ICMJE member journals (or nonmember journals that choose to follow these recommendations) should choose a registry that includes a data-sharing plan element as a specified registry item or allows for its entry as a free-text statement in a miscellaneous registry field. As a condition of consideration for publication in our member journals, authors will be required to include a description of the data-sharing plan in the submitted manuscript. Authors may choose to share the deidentified IPD underlying the results presented in the article under less restrictive, but not more restrictive, conditions than were indicated in the registered datasharing plan. ICMJE already requires the prospective registration of all clinical trials prior to enrollment of the first participant. This requirement aims, in part, to prevent selective publication and selective reporting of research outcomes, and to prevent unnecessary duplication of research effort. Including a commitment to a data-sharing plan is a logical addition to trial registration that will further each of these goals. Prospective trial registration currently includes documenting the planned primary and major secondary end points to be assessed, which enables identification of incomplete reporting as well as post hoc analyses. Declaring the plan for sharing data prior to their collection will further enhance transparency in the conduct and reporting of clinical trials by exposing when data availability following trial completion differs from prior commitments. Sharing clinical trial data, including deidentified IPD, requires planning to ensure appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board approval and the informed consent of study participants. Accordingly, we will defer these requirements for 1 year to allow investigators, trial sponsors, and regulatory bodies time to plan for their implementation. Just as the confidentiality of trial participants must be protected (through the deidentification of IPD), and the needs of those reasonably requesting data met (through the provision of useable data), the reasonable rights of investigators and trial sponsors must also be protected. ICMJE proposes the following to safeguard these rights. First, ICMJE editors will not consider the deposition of data in a registry to constitute prior publication. Second, authors of secondary analyses using these shared data must attest that their use was in accordance with the terms (if any) agreed to upon their receipt. Third, they must reference the source of the


BMJ | 2017

Data sharing statements for clinical trials

Darren B. Taichman; Peush Sahni; Anja Pinborg; Larry Peiperl; Christine Laine; Astrid James; Sung-Tae Hong; Abraham Haileamlak; Laragh Gollogly; Fiona Godlee; Frank A. Frizelle; Fernando Florenzano; Jeffrey M. Drazen; Howard Bauchner; Christopher Baethge; Joyce Backus

A requirement of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors


Deutsches Arzteblatt International | 2008

The Languages of Medicine

Christopher Baethge

Medicine uses one lingua franca but speaks with many tongues. Just as Latin emerged after the Renaissance beside the regional European languages as the unifying language of the healing arts, so has English now assumed a leading role as the international language of medicine. International communication among clinicians and scientists is now almost exclusively in English. Nonetheless, patient contact, communication among colleagues within individual countries, teaching, and some scientific activity are still conducted in the local mother tongues. As late as the beginning of the 20th century, medical science still used three languages to a roughly equal extent: German, English, and French. The turn to English, which took place at different speeds in different areas since the middle of the last century, has put an end to linguistic confusion and is thus to be welcomed, from a worldwide perspective, as a positive instance of globalization. There are, nonetheless, some negative consequences for scientific culture outside the Englishspeaking world. This article will deal with the extent of the secular trend toward English and its consequences for scientific readers, writers, and journals.


PLOS Medicine | 2017

Data Sharing Statements for Clinical Trials: A Requirement of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors

Darren B. Taichman; Peush Sahni; Anja Pinborg; Larry Peiperl; Christine Laine; Astrid James; Sung-Tae Hong; Abraham Haileamlak; Laragh Gollogly; Fiona Godlee; Frank A. Frizelle; Fernando Florenzano; Jeffrey M. Drazen; Howard Bauchner; Christopher Baethge; Joyce Backus

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors announces requirements that a data sharing plan be prospectively registered, and a data sharing statement be included in submitted manuscripts, for clinical trials to be published in ICMJE journals.


Revista Medica De Chile | 2016

Compartir los datos de los ensayos clínicos: una propuesta del Comité Internacional de Editores de Revistas Médicas

Darren B. Taichman; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

El Comite Internacional de Editores de Revistas Me-dicas (ICMJE, por sus siglas en ingles) considera que es una obligacion etica compartir, de forma respon- sable, los datos generados por los ensayos clinicos, porque los participantes se han puesto en riesgo para ello.El Comite Internacional de Editores de Revistas Medicas (ICMJE) considera que es una obligacion etica compartir responsablemente los datos generados por ensayos clinicos, porque los participantes se han sometido a un riesgo particular. En un consenso creciente, muchos patrocinadores en el mundo -Fundaciones, Agencias Gubernamentales y la industria proveedora en salud- ya exigen compartir los datos. Por este motivo, en esta Editorial, que sera publicada simultaneamente en enero de 2016 por las revistas que a la fecha integran el ICMJE, dicho Comite propone requerir a los autores de ensayos clinicos que compartan con otros los datos individuales, anonimos, que generaron los resultados que se presentan en el manuscrito enviado a publicacion (incluyendo Tablas, Figuras y anexos o material suplementario) en un plazo menor a seis meses despues de su publicacion. Se define como “datos que generaron los resultados” a los datos individuales de cada paciente (anonimos) que se requieren para reproducir los hallazgos que muestra el manuscrito, incluyendo sus metadatos. Este requisito sera aplicado a los ensayos clinicos que comiencen a reclutar pacientes desde un ano despues que el ICMJE adopte como requisito compartir los datos, lo que ocurrira despues de considerar el “feedback” que se reciba al difundir esta Editorial. El documento original, que se reproduce a continuacion, reitera la definicion de “ensayo clinico” y explicita la forma y condiciones que propone para cumplir con este requisito.


Deutsches Arzteblatt International | 2016

Sharing Clinical Trial Data.

Taichman Db; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; de Leeuw Pw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Lain C; Larry Peiperl; Pinborg A; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) believes that there is an ethical obligation to responsibly share data generated by interventional clinical trials because participants have put themselves at risk. In a growing consensus, many funders around the world—foundations, government agencies, and industry—now mandate data sharing. Here we outline ICMJE’s proposed requirements to help meet this obligation. We encourage feedback on the proposed requirements. Anyone can provide feedback at www.icmje.org by 18 April 2016. The ICMJE defines a clinical trial as any research project that prospectively assigns people or a group of people to an intervention, with or without concurrent comparison or control groups, to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a health-related intervention and a health outcome. Further details may be found in the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals at www.icmje.org As a condition of consideration for publication of a clinical trial report in our member journals, the ICMJE proposes to require authors to share with others the deidentified individual-patient data (IPD) underlying the results presented in the article (including tables, figures, and appendices or supplementary material) no later than 6 months after publication. The data underlying the results are defined as the IPD required to reproduce the article’s findings, including necessary metadata. This requirement will go into effect for clinical trials that begin to enroll participants beginning 1 year after the ICMJE adopts its data-sharing requirements.* Enabling responsible data sharing is a major endeavor that will affect the fabric of how clinical trials are planned and conducted and how their data are used. By changing the requirements of the manuscripts we will consider for publication in our journals, editors can help foster this endeavor. As editors, our direct influence is logically, and practically, limited to those data underpinning the results and analyses we publish in our journals. The ICMJE also proposes to require that authors include a plan for data sharing as a component of clinical trial registration. This plan must include where the researchers will house the data and, if not in a public repository, the mechanism by which they will provide others access to the data, as well as other data-sharing plan elements outlined in the 2015 Institute of Medicine Report (e.g., whether data will be freely available to anyone upon request or only after application to and approval by a learned intermediary, whether a data use agreement will be required) (1). ClinicalTrials.gov has added an element to its registration platform to collect data-sharing plans. We encourage other trial registries to similarly incorporate mechanisms for the registration of data-sharing plans. Trialists who want to publish in ICMJE member journals (or nonmember journals that choose to follow these recommendations) should choose a registry that includes a data-sharing plan element as a specified registry item or allows for its entry as a free-text statement in a miscellaneous registry field. As a condition of consideration for publication in our member journals, authors will be required to include a description of the data-sharing plan in the submitted manuscript. Authors may choose to share the deidentified IPD underlying the results presented in the article under less restrictive, but not more restrictive, conditions than were indicated in the registered data-sharing plan. ICMJE already requires the prospective registration of all clinical trials prior to enrollment of the first participant. This requirement aims, in part, to prevent selective publication and selective reporting of research outcomes, and to prevent unnecessary duplication of research effort. Including a commitment to a data-sharing plan is a logical addition to trial registration that will further each of these goals. Prospective trial registration currently includes documenting the planned primary and major secondary end points to be assessed, which enables identification of incomplete reporting as well as post hoc analyses. Declaring the plan for sharing data prior to their collection will further enhance transparency in the conduct and reporting of clinical trials by exposing when data availability following trial completion differs from prior commitments. Sharing clinical trial data, including deidentified IPD, requires planning to ensure appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board approval and the informed consent of study participants. Accordingly, we will defer these requirements for 1 year to allow investigators, trial sponsors, and regulatory bodies time to plan for their implementation. Just as the confidentiality of trial participants must be protected (through the deidentification of IPD), and the needs of those reasonably requesting data met (through the provision of useable data), the reasonable rights of investigators and trial sponsors must also be protected. ICMJE proposes the following to safeguard these rights. First, ICMJE editors will not consider the deposition of data in a registry to constitute prior publication. Second, authors of secondary analyses using these shared data must attest that their use was in accordance with the terms (if any) agreed to upon their receipt. Third, they must reference the source of the data using a unique identifier of a clinical trial’s data set to provide appropriate credit to those who generated it and allow searching for the studies it has supported. Fourth, authors of secondary analyses must explain completely how theirs differ from previous analyses. In addition, those who generate and then share clinical trial data sets deserve substantial credit for their efforts. Those using data collected by others should seek collaboration with those who collected the data. However, because collaboration will not always be possible, practical, or desired, an alternative means of providing appropriate credit needs to be developed and recognized in the academic community. We welcome ideas about how to provide such credit. Data sharing is a shared responsibility. Editors of individual journals can help foster data sharing by changing the requirements of the manuscripts they will consider for publication in their journals. Funders and sponsors of clinical trials are in a position to support and ensure adherence to IPD sharing obligations. If journal editors become aware that IPD sharing obligations are not being met, they may choose to request additional information; to publish an expression of concern; to notify the sponsors, funders, or institutions; or in certain cases, to retract the publication. In the rare situation in which compliance with these requirements is impossible, editors may consider authors’ requests for exceptions. If an exception is made, the reason(s) must be explained in the publication. Sharing data will increase confidence and trust in the conclusions drawn from clinical trials. It will enable the independent confirmation of results, an essential tenet of the scientific process. It will foster the development and testing of new hypotheses. Done well, sharing clinical trial data should also make progress more efficient by making the most of what may be learned from each trial and by avoiding unwarranted repetition. It will help to fulfill our moral obligation to study participants, and we believe it will benefit patients, investigators, sponsors, and society.


Chinese Medical Journal | 2016

Sharing Clinical Trial Data: A Proposal from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Darren B. Taichman; Joyce Backus; Christopher Baethge; Howard Bauchner; Peter W. de Leeuw; Jeffrey M. Drazen; John Fletcher; Frank A. Frizelle; Trish Groves; Abraham Haileamlak; Astrid James; Christine Laine; Larry Peiperl; Anja Pinborg; Peush Sahni; Sinan Wu

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) believes that there is an ethical obligation to responsibly share data generated by interventional clinical trials because participants have put themselves at risk. In a growing consensus, many funders around the world – foundations, government agencies, and industry – now mandate data sharing. Here, we outline ICMJEs proposed requirements to help meet this obligation. We encourage feedback on the proposed requirements. Anyone can provide feedback at www.icmje.org by April 18, 2016. The ICMJE defines a clinical trial as any research project that prospectively assigns people or a group of people to an intervention, with or without concurrent comparison or control groups, to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a health-related intervention and a health outcome. Further details may be found in the recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals at www.icmje.org. As a condition of consideration for publication of a clinical trial report in our member journals, the ICMJE proposes to require authors to share with others the de-identified individual patient data (IPD) underlying the results presented in the article (including tables, figures, and appendices or supplementary material) no later than 6 months after publication. The data underlying the results are defined as the IPD required to reproduce the articles findings including necessary meta-data. This requirement will go into effect for clinical trials that begin to enroll participants beginning 1 year after the ICMJE adopts its data sharing requirements (the ICMJE plans to adopt data sharing requirements after considering feedback received to the proposals made here). Enabling responsible data sharing is a major endeavor that will affect the fabric of how clinical trials are planned, conducted, and their data are used. By changing the requirements of the manuscripts we will consider for publication in our journals, editors can help foster this endeavor. As editors, our direct influence is logically, and practically, limited to those data underpinning the results and analyses we publish in our journals. The ICMJE also proposes to require that authors include a plan for data sharing as a component of clinical trial registration. This plan must include where the researchers will house the data and, if not in a public repository, the mechanism by which they will provide others access to the data, as well as other data sharing plan elements outlined in the 2015 Institute of Medicine Report (e.g., whether data will be freely available to anyone upon request or only after application to and approval by a learned intermediary, whether a data use agreement will be required, etc.).[1] ClinicalTrials.gov has added an element to its registration platform to collect data sharing plans. We encourage other trial registries to similarly incorporate mechanisms for the registration of data sharing plans. Trialists who want to publish in ICMJE member journals (or nonmember journals that choose to follow these recommendations) should choose a registry that includes a data sharing plan element as a specified registry item or allows for its entry as a free text statement in a miscellaneous registry field. As a condition of consideration for publication in our member journals, authors will be required to include a description of the data sharing plan in the submitted manuscript. Authors may choose to share the de-identified IPD underlying the results presented in the article under less restrictive, but not more restrictive, conditions that were indicated in the registered data sharing plan. ICMJE already requires the prospective registration of all clinical trials prior to enrollment of the first participant. This requirement aims, in part, to prevent selective publication and selective reporting of research outcomes, and to prevent unnecessary duplication of research effort. Including a commitment to a data sharing plan is a logical addition to trial registration that will further each of these goals. Prospective trial registration currently includes documenting the planned primary and major secondary endpoints to be assessed, which enables identification of incomplete reporting as well as post-hoc analyses. Declaring the plan for sharing data prior to their collection will further enhance transparency in the conduct and reporting of clinical trials by exposing when data availability following trial completion differs from prior commitments. Sharing clinical trial data, including de-identified IPD, requires planning to ensure appropriate Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board approval and the informed consent of study participants. Accordingly, we will defer these requirements for 1 year to allow investigators, trial sponsors, and regulatory bodies time to plan for their implementation. Just as the confidentiality of trial participants must be protected (through the de-identification of IPD) and the needs of those reasonably requesting data met (through the provision of useable data), the reasonable rights of investigators and trial sponsors must also be protected. ICMJE proposes the following to safeguard these rights. First, ICMJE editors will not consider the deposition of data in a registry to constitute prior publication. Second, authors of secondary analyses using these shared data must attest that their use was in accordance with the terms (if any) agreed upon their receipt. Third, they must reference the source of the data using a unique identifier of a clinical trials data set to provide appropriate credit to those who generated it and allow searching for the studies it has supported. Fourth, authors of secondary analyses must explain completely how theirs differ from previous analyses. In addition, those who generate and then share clinical trial data sets deserve substantial credit for their efforts. Those using data collected by others should seek collaboration with those who collected the data. However, because collaboration will not always be possible, practical or desired, an alternative means of providing appropriate credit needs to be developed and recognized in the academic community. We welcome ideas about how to provide such credit. Data sharing is a shared responsibility. Editors of individual journals can help foster data sharing by changing the requirements of the manuscripts they will consider for publication in their journals. Funders and sponsors of clinical trials are in a position to support and ensure adherence to IPD sharing obligations. If journal editors become aware that IPD sharing obligations are not being met they may choose to request additional information, to publish an expression of concern, to notify the sponsors, funders or institutions, or in certain cases to retract the publication. In the rare situation in which compliance with these requirements is impossible, editors may consider authors’ requests for exceptions. If an exception is made, the reason(s) must be explained in the publication. Sharing data will increase confidence and trust in the conclusions drawn from clinical trials. It will enable the independent confirmation of results, an essential tenet of the scientific process. It will foster the development and testing of new hypotheses. Done well, sharing clinical trial data should also make progress more efficient by making the most of what may be learned from each trial, and by avoiding unwarranted repetition. It will help to fulfill our moral obligation to study participants, and we believe it will benefit patients, investigators, sponsors, and society. Feedback may be posted at www.icmje.org by April 18, 2016. Note: This editorial is being published simultaneously in Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal, Canadian Medical Association Journal, Chinese Medical Journal, DeutschesArzteblatt (German Medical Journal), Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), NederlandsTijdschriftvoorGeneeskunde (The Dutch Medical Journal), New England Journal of Medicine, New Zealand Medical Journal, PLOS Medicine, RevistaMedica de Chile, The Lancet, and Ugeskrift for Laeger (Danish Medical Journal).

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Howard Bauchner

American Medical Association

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Joyce Backus

National Institutes of Health

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Astrid James

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

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Christine Laine

American College of Physicians

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Frank A. Frizelle

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

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Anja Pinborg

Copenhagen University Hospital

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Trish Groves

Group Health Cooperative

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