Christopher M. Crowe

Bark beetle pheromones and pine volatiles: attractant kairomone lure blend for longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in pine stands of the southeastern United States.

ABSTRACT In 2006, we examined the flight responses of 43 species of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with binary lure blends of 1) ipsenol + ipsdienol, 2) ethanol + &agr;-pinene, and a quaternary lure blend of 3) ipsenol + ipsdienol + ethanol + &agr;-pinene in the southeastern United States. In addition, we monitored responses of Buprestidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae commonly associated with pine longhorn beetles. Field trials were conducted in mature pine (Pinus pp.) stands in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia. The following species preferred traps baited with the quaternary blend over those baited with ethanol + &agr;-pinene: Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), Astylopsis arcuata (LeConte), Astylopsis sexguttata (Say), Monochamus scutellatus (Say), Monochamus titillator (F.) complex, Rhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae), Buprestis consularis Gory, Buprestis lineata F. (Buprestidae), Ips avulsus (Eichhoff), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), and Gnathotrichus materiarus (Fitch) (Curculionidae). The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol had no effect on catches of 17 other species of bark and wood boring beetles in traps baited with ethanol and &agr;-pinene. Ethanol + &agr;-pinene interrupted the attraction of Ips avulsus, I. grandicollis, and Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. (but not I. calligraphus) (Curculionidae) to traps baited with ipsenol + ipsdienol. Our results support the use of traps baited with a quaternary blend of ipsenol + ipsdienol + ethanol + &agr;-pinene for common saproxylic beetles in pine forests of the southeastern United States.

Attaching Lures to Multiple-Funnel Traps Targeting Saproxylic Beetles (Coleoptera) in Pine Stands: Inside or Outside Funnels?

ABSTRACT We conducted two field trapping experiments with multiple-funnel traps in 2008 and one experiment in 2010 to determine the effects of lure placement (inside or outside funnels) on catches of saproxylic species of beetles (Coleoptera). The experiments were conducted in southern pine (Pinus spp.) stands in central Georgia using combinations of ethanol, &agr;-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol lures. We report on a modification to the multiple-funnel trap that allows placement of large lures inside the confines of the funnels with minimal blockage. In general, catches of five species of common longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), two species of regeneration weevils (Curculionidae), four species of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and seven species of beetle predators and ectoparasites (Cleridae, Histeridae, Tenebrionidae, Trogossitidae, and Zopheridae) were higher in funnel traps with lures attached inside the funnels than in those with lures attached outside of the funnels. Catches of the remaining species were unaffected by lure placement. In no instance were catches of any species lower in funnel traps with lures attached inside the funnels than in those with lures attached outside of the funnels. For most species, catches in modified funnel traps with ethanol, &agr;-pinene, ipsenol, and ipsdienol lures attached inside funnels were comparable with those in cross-vane panel traps.

Responses of Cerambycidae and other insects to traps baited with ethanol, 2,3-hexanediol, and 3,2-hydroxyketone lures in north-central Georgia

ABSTRACT In north-central Georgia, 13 species of woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) were attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited with ethanol and one of the following pheromones: (1) racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one; (2) racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one; and (3) syn-2,3-hexanediol. The following species were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one: Anelaphus pumilus (Newman), Eburia quadrigeminata (Say), Euderces pini (Olivier), Knulliana cincta (Drury), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), Neoclytus scutellaris (Olivier), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Clytus marginicollis Castelnau & Gory, and Anelaphus parallelus (Newman) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, whereas traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Anelaphus villosus (F.), A. parallelus, Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus jouteli jouteli Davis, and Megacyllene caryae (Gahan). Ethanol enhanced catches of seven cerambycid species in traps baited with syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketones. Catches of bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in ethanol-baited traps were largely unaffected by the addition of syn-2,3-hexanediol and 3,2-hydroxyketone lures, except for two species. The mean catches of Hypothenemus rotundicollis Wood & Bright and Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama) in ethanol-baited traps increased and decreased, respectively, with the addition of racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one. Traps baited with ethanol and syn-2,3-hexanediol were attractive to Xylobiops basilaris (Say) (Bostrichidae) and Chariessa pilosa (Forster) (Cleridae), whereas Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Trogossitidae) were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. The assassin bug, Apiomerus crassipes (F.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), was attracted to traps baited with ethanol and 3,2-hydroxyketones.

Dose and enantiospecific responses of white pine cone beetles, Conophthorus coniperda, to α-pinene in an eastern white pine seed orchard

The white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda, exhibited dose and enantiospecific responses to α-pinene in stands of mature eastern white pine, Pinus strobus, in a seed orchard near Murphy, North Carolina, USA. (−)-α-Pinene significantly increased catches of cone beetles to traps baited with (± )-trans-pityol. (+)-α-Pinene did not increase catches of beetles to pityol-baited traps and interrupted the response of beetles to traps baited with (±)-trans-pityol and (−)-α-pinene. Maximal attraction of cone beetles to pityol-baited traps was obtained with lures releasing (−)-α-pinene at a rate of 103 mg/day at 23°C. Lures releasing (−)-α-pinene at rates lower or higher than 103 mg/day resulted in reduced catches to traps baited with (±)-trans-pityol. The sex ratio in all catches was heavily male biased. Attraction of the clerid predator, Thanasimus dubius, to traps baited with (±)-trans-pityol increased significantly with the presence of α-pinene, irrespective of enantiomeric composition. Maximal attraction of T. dubius to pityol-baited traps occurred with devices releasing (−)-α-pinene at the highest rate tested, 579 mg/d at 23°C, a sub optimal rate for cone beetles.

Ipsenol, Ipsdienol, Ethanol, and α-Pinene: Trap Lure Blend for Cerambycidae and Buprestidae (Coleoptera) in Pine Forests of Eastern North America.

ABSTRACT In 2007–2008, we examined the flight responses of wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol, and &agr;-pinene [85% (—)], and the bark beetle pheromones, racemic ipsenol and racemic ipsdienol. Experiments were conducted in mature pine stands in Canada (Ontario and New Brunswick) and the United States (Arkansas, Florida, Michigan, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). At each location, traps were deployed in 10 replicate blocks of four traps per block. The trap treatments were: 1) blank control; 2) ipsenol and ipsdienol; 3) ethanol and &agr;-pinene; and 4) a quaternary blend of ipsenol, ipsdienol, ethanol, and &agr;-pinene. Traps baited with the quaternary blend caught the greatest numbers of Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), Acmaeops proteus (Kirby), Astylopsis sexguttata (Say), Rhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae), and Buprestis lineata (F.) (Buprestidae). Traps baited with ethanol and &agr;-pinene caught the greatest numbers of Arhopalus rusticus (LeConte), Asemum striatum (L.), Tetropium spp., Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar) (Cerambycidae), and Buprestis maculipennis Gory (Buprestidae) with minimal interruption by ipsenol and ipsdienol. Our results suggest that multiple-funnel traps baited with the quaternary lure blend of ipsenol, ipsdienol, ethanol, and &agr;-pinene are effective for trapping various species of wood-boring beetles in pine forests of eastern North America, and may have utility in detection programs for adventive species in North America and overseas.

Length of Multiple-Funnel Traps Affects Catches of Some Bark and Wood Boring Beetles in a Slash Pine Stand in Northern Florida

The multiple-funnel trap has gained broad acceptance for catching bark and ambrosia beetles since the trap was developed more than 25 years ago (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (Lindgren 1983). The trap consists of black plastic funnels aligned vertically over each other, allowing for intercepted beetles to fall through the funnels into a wet or dry collection cup located on the bottom funnel. Currently, there are 2 national programs in the USA that use baited multiple-funnel traps for detecting exotic species: the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and the Early Detection and Rapid Response program (EDRR) (USDA APHIS 2007; Rabaglia et al. 2008). Multiple-funnel traps are available in several sizes or lengths, expressed by the number of funnels (4-, 8-, 12or 16-unit) (Contech Inc., Delta, BC; Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., Burnaby, BC). The general expectation is that longer multiple-funnel traps catch more beetles. In support of that position, Hoover et al. (2000) found that catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in traps baited with the pheromone lineatin, increased as the length of traps were increased from 4 to 16 units. Haack & Lawrence (1997) found that catches of Tomicus piniperda (L.) were higher in 12and 16unit traps than in 8-unit ones. The objective of our study was to verify that long multiple-funnel traps (16-unit) catch more bark and wood boring beetles than short traps (8unit) in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stand in northern Florida. We focused our study on common southern species attracted to the binary combination of ethanol and (–)-α-pinene used in the national programs (Miller 2006; Miller & Rabaglia 2009). We conducted 1 trapping experiment in a mature slash pine stand on the Osceola National Forest near Olustee, FL for 9 weeks in 2001 (29 Aug-8 Nov). PheroTech Inc. (now Contech) supplied separate lures for releasing ethanol and (–)-α-pinene at rates of approximately 0.6 and 2 g/d, respectively, as well as 8unit and 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. Traps were set in 6 blocks of 2 traps per block with all traps set 10-15 m apart. There were 2 treatments: (1) 8-unit; and (2) 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. One trap of each treatment type was randomly assigned to a position within each block. All traps were baited with ethanol and (–)-α-pinene. Each trap was suspended between trees by rope such that the bottom of each was 0.2-0.5 m above ground level. No trap was within 2 m of any tree. Collection cups contained approximately 150 mL of pink propylene glycol solution (Peak RV and Marine Antifreeze, Old World Industries Inc., Northbrook, IL). Using SYSTAT ver. 11.00.01 (SYSTAT Inc., Point Richmond, CA), we conducted two-sided t tests on data transformed by ln(y + 1) to remove heteroscedasticity (Pepper et al. 1997). Catches of Arhopalus rusticus nubilus (LeConte) (Cerambycidae) in 16-unit traps were 143% greater than those in 8-unit traps (Table 1).

(3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-Pentacosapentaene and (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl Acetate: Sex Attractant Blend for Dioryctria amatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

ABSTRACT In 2006–2008, we tested (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-pentacosapentaene (pentaene) with the pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac), as sex attractants for four sympatric species of coneworms, Dioryctria Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchards in Georgia and Louisiana, respectively. The addition of pentaene increased catches of male southern pine coneworm, Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), in wing traps baited with Z11–16:Ac, whereas catches of Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich in traps baited with Z9–14:Ac were unaffected by the addition of pentaene, The effect of pentaene on male Dioryctria merkeli Mutuura & Munroe was inconsistent. In 2006, pentaene seemed to inhibit attraction of D. merkeli to traps baited with Z9–14:Ac, whereas in a subsequent trial in 2008, moths were equally attracted to Z9–14:Ac with or without the pentaene. We caught too few Dioryctria clarioralis (Walker) in any experiment for meaningful analyses. Our field results with pentaene and the unresolved complexity of the taxonomy, ecology, and management of southern coneworms support the need for a comprehensive examination of the chemical ecology of Dioryctria spp.

Interactions between ethanol, syn-2,3-hexanediol, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, and 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one lures on trap catches of hardwood longhorn beetles in southeastern united states

Abstract The effectiveness of a four-component “super lure” consisting of ethanol (E) and the cerambycid pheromones syn-2,3-hexanediol (D6), racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one (K6), and racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one (K8) on trap catches of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) was determined in southeast United States with seven trapping experiments in 2011–2013. We captured 74 species of longhorn beetles in our three-year study. Ethanol significantly increased the mean catches of seven species and increased the number of cerambycid species detected. Traps with the “super lure” were effective for 8 of 13 species of Cerambycidae previously shown to be attracted to binary combinations of ethanol plus one of the three pheromones. However, the “super lure” was less effective for the remaining five species with catch reductions of 40–90% compared with combinations of ethanol and one or two of the pheromones. For example, K6 + K8 lures reduced catches of Anelaphus villosus (F.) in traps with E + D6 by 90%. Similarly, catches of Anelaphus pumilus (Newman) in traps with E + K6 + D6 were reduced by 50% with the addition of K8. Catches of Knulliana cincta (Drury) in traps with K6 + K8 lures were interrupted by D6, an effect negated by the addition of ethanol. Given the interruptive effects on trap catches of some species when lures are combined in a single trap, developing optimal lure blends to maximize detection efficacy will be a challenge for managers of detection programs for non-native invasive species of longhorn beetles.

Comparison of Baited Bottle and Multiple-Funnel Traps for Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Eastern United States1

Abstract  We compared bottle traps to 4-unit multiple-funnel traps (both baited with ethanol and conophthorin) for relative efficacy in catching ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) at four locations in the eastern United States. Our results were geographically inconsistent for three target species. Catches of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) in Ohio were greater in bottle traps than in funnel traps while the opposite occurred in Virginia, with no difference in Indiana. Catches of Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) were greater in funnel traps than in bottle traps in Georgia, Indiana, and Virginia but no different in Ohio. Similarly, catches of Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) were greater in funnel traps than in bottle traps in Georgia and Virginia but not in Indiana. Bottle traps caught more Anisandrus maiche Stark in Ohio and Anisandrus sayi (Hopkins) in Indiana whereas more of the following species were caught in funnel traps: Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff) in Virginia, Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter) and Dryoxylon onoharaense (Murayama) in Georgia, Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff) in Ohio, and Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff) and Monarthrum fasciatum (Say) in Indiana. Catches of Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) in Georgia and Monarthrum mali (Fitch) in Indiana were unaffected by trap type. Differences in trap height, bottle size, and forest composition may have contributed to between-site variability in trap type preferences, thereby requiring further research to resolve these issues.

Effect of Distance Between Baited Multiple-Funnel Traps on Catches of Bark and Wood-Boring Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Cerambycidae) and Associates in North-Central Georgia1

Abstract In the fall of 2011, we examined the effects of inter–trap distances of 2, 6, and 12 m on catches of bark and wood-boring beetles (and associates) in traps baited with either ethanol + α-pinene (EA) or ipsenol + ipsdienol (SD) in a stand of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in northern Georgia. Traps baited with EA interrupted catches of Ips avulsus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in traps baited with SD at a distance of 2 m but not at distances of 6 or 12 m. In contrast, catches of I. avulsus and Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) in traps with EA were greatest in those traps spaced 2 m from the traps baited with SD and lowest at an inter–trap distance of 12 m. Similarly, catches of Monochamus titillator (F.) (Cerambycidae) in traps baited with EA were increased when spaced 2 m from traps baited with SD but not at a spacing of 6 or 12 m. The mean (± SE) diversity of species in traps baited with EA was 19.1 ± 0.5 species/trap and unaffected by distance to traps baited with SD. In contrast, the mean (± SE) species diversity in SD traps was higher in traps 2 m from EA traps (12.8 ± 0.8 species/trap) and lowest in traps 12 m EA traps (8.8 ± 0.5 species/trap). More studies are needed to elucidate the interactions between volatiles emitted from different traps on responses by flying beetles.