Christopher T. Burke

The time course of grief reactions to spousal loss: evidence from a national probability sample.

Most studies of widowhood have focused on reactions during the first few years postloss. The authors investigated whether widowhood had more enduring effects using a nationally representative U.S. sample. Participants were 768 individuals who had lost their spouse (from a few months to 64 years) prior to data collection. Results indicated that the widowed continued to talk, think, and feel emotions about their lost spouse decades later. Twenty years postloss, the widowed thought about their spouse once every week or 2 and had a conversation about their spouse once a month on average. About 12.6 years postloss, the widowed reported feeling upset between sometimes and rarely when they thought about their spouse. These findings add to an understanding of the time course of grief.

Trajectories of BMI from early childhood through early adolescence: SES and psychosocial predictors

OBJECTIVES This study examined the ways in which body mass index (BMI) percentile - an identified risk factor for overweight and cardiovascular disease in adulthood - develops from birth through early adolescence. In addition, we examined whether psychosocial factors, such as parenting style and maternal depression, mediated the link between socio-economic status (SES) and BMI growth. Design. Data were obtained from phases 1-3 of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) - a longitudinal study that followed children from 10 communities in the United States from birth to age 11. METHODS We applied growth mixture models to identify distinct subtypes of BMI development. Within these models, we performed between- and within-class mediation analyses to examine whether SES predicted class membership or differences in development within each class via maternal depression and parenting styles. RESULTS Results identified three prototypic trajectories of BMI percentile growth, elevated, steady increase, and stable. We found evidence for both between- and within-class mediation, suggesting multiple pathways by which SES can affect BMI development. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the research that suggests that being in a family with a low SES is associated with falling into patterns of development characterized by early and lasting increases in BMI relative to ones peers, and that this association is partly accounted for by maternal depression and parenting styles. STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION What is already known? Past research has found evidence that patterns of childhood overweight are impacted by socioeconomic status through psychosocial factors like parenting and depression. This evidence is often limited to individual points in time where neglectful, permissive, and authoritarian parenting and higher levels of maternal depression are associated with higher levels of overweight status among children from infancy to adolescence. However, little research has linked together whether the children who receive non-authoritative parenting and are overweight in infancy are the same children who are overweight in adolescence. WHAT DOES THIS STUDY ADD?: • Evidence for 3 different prototypes of BMI percentile growth over the course of childhood approaching adolescence. • Adds complexity re the influence of parenting styles as an influence on patterns of weight gain. • Buttresses existing research as to early and lasting effects of SES on patterns of BMI.

Individual differences in adjustment to spousal loss: A nonlinear mixed model analysis

The study of within-person change lies at the core of developmental research. Theory and empirical data suggest that many of these developmental processes are not linear. We describe a broad class of multilevel models that allows for nonlinear change — nonlinear mixed models. To demonstrate the utility of these models, we present a nonlinear mixed model analysis of adjustment to conjugal loss. Coming from a perspective of the individual as a regulatory system, our model predicts a faster rate of adjustment immediately following the loss and diminished adjustment as time since the loss increases, approaching an equilibrium level of well-being. This model allows us to estimate various aspects of the adjustment trajectory and individual differences in these trajectories, including multiple ways that pre- and post-loss factors can explain variability in the adjustment process. The model provides new insights into an important phenomenon that cannot be gleaned from linear models and other methods of trajectory analysis. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this type of analysis relative to other methods.

Mood as a resource in structuring goal pursuit

J.P. Forgas, C.L. Wyland, S.M. Laham, Hearts and Minds: An Introduction to the Role of Affect in Social Cognition and Behavior. Part 1. Basic Approaches to Affect and Social Behavior. M.G. Haselton, T. Ketelaar, Irrational Emotions or Emotional Wisdom? The Evolutionary Psychology of Affect and Social Behavior. P. Winkielman, J.T. Cacioppo, A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Affective Influences on Social Cognition and Behavior. H. Bless, K. Fiedler, Mood and the Regulation of Information Processing and Behavior. C.A. Smith, B. David, L.D. Kirby, Emotion-Eliciting Appraisals of Social Situations. Part 2. Affect and Social Cognition. E. Eich, D. Macaulay, Cognitive and Clinical Perspectives on Mood-Dependent Memory. G.L. Clore, J. Storbeck, Affect as Information about Liking, Efficacy, and Importance. R.F. Baumeister, K.D. Vohs, D.M. Tice, Emotional Influences on Decision Making. D. Keltner, E.J. Horberg, C. Oveis, Emotions as Moral Intuitions. E.W. Dunn, S.M. Laham, Affective Forecasting: A Users Guide to Emotional Time Travel. Part 3. Affect and the Social Self. C. Sedikides, T. Wildschut, J. Arndt, C. Routledge, Affect and the Self. Y. Trope, E.R. Igou, C.T. Burke, Mood as Resource in Structuring Goal Pursuit. F.A. Huppert, Positive Emotions and Cognition: Developmental, Neuroscience, and Health Perspectives. R. Erber, S. Markunas, Managing Affective States. Part 4. Affect and Social Behavior. J.P. Forgas, Affective Influences on Interpersonal Behavior: Towards Understanding the Role of Affect in Everyday Interactions. J. Ciarrochi, J.T. Blackledge, Emotional Intelligence and Interpersonal Behavior: A Theory and Review of the Literature. J.R. Kelly, J.R. Spoor, Affective Influence in Groups. J.G. Holmes, D.B. Anthony, Affect and the Regulation of Interdependence in Personal Relationships.

Partner enhancement versus verification and emotional responses to daily conflict

This study investigated the moderating role of partner enhancement and verification on couples’ emotional responses to daily conflicts. Each evening for 5 weeks, 264 couples in which one partner was under stress reported whether a conflict occurred and both positive and negative relationship feelings. Partners rated each other on relationship-central and relationship-peripheral traits before the diary period, allowing us to examine the consequences of derogation (partner views more negative than self-views) and enhancement (partner views more positive than self-views) relative to verification. Derogation on both relationship-central and relationship-peripheral traits was associated with more negative conflict responses. Enhancement on relationship-peripheral traits was associated with more negative conflict responses than verification. Although not as consistent a pattern, results suggest that enhancement on relationship-central traits was beneficial.

Process dissociation models in racial bias research: Updating the analytic method and integrating with signal detection approaches

Process dissociation models are an increasingly important methodology for studying the influence of race on rapid judgments and decisions. While the process dissociation method has contributed many insights into the processes underlying such judgments, there remain several unresolved analytic issues, including which process model best accounts for observed behavior, how best to account for individual differences in process estimates, and how to connect process dissociation estimates to related research stemming from the signal detection tradition. This paper reviews these issues in depth before presenting a simulation study, which allows for a comprehensive examination of the performance of different analytic approaches. Using the information gleaned from this simulation study, I present an updated approach to modeling process dissociation data that will better allow researchers to address questions of interest. Of primary importance, this approach uses a mixed-model framework, which allows for much better handling of individual differences.

Hip arthroscopy-MRI correlation and differences for hip anatomy and pathology: What radiologists need to know

Hip MRI and arthroscopy have important roles for the evaluation of the patient with hip pain. An understanding of what orthopedic surgeons want to know before and after hip arthroscopy as well as the limitations of arthroscopy would enable radiologists to improve their imaging interpretations and produce more clinically relevant, management guiding reports. The goal of this article is to review the basic principles of hip arthroscopy and MRI and compare their strengths and weaknesses. Normal clinically relevant hip anatomy, important pathologic conditions such as labral tears and cartilage injuries, femoroacetabular impingement specific findings like cam and pincer morphology, extra-articular conditions such as abductor and iliopsoas tendons pathology and common post-operative appearances are reviewed on MRI and arthroscopy.

Negative emotional responses to motherhood-related support receipt during pregnancy predict postpartum depressive symptoms

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Prenatal stress increases risk for postpartum depression. While social support availability may attenuate this risk, little research has examined support receipt during pregnancy, which has been linked to increased distress in other domains. This study assesses the implications of motherhood-related and motherhood-unrelated support receipt for daily distress during pregnancy and tests whether negative responsiveness to motherhood-related support predicts postpartum depression risk. Design and Method: Thirty-one pregnant women were recruited from the community for a 3-wave study (beginning at approximately 26 weeks gestation, 34 weeks gestation, and 4 weeks postpartum). Each wave included a survey of general characteristics (e.g. depressive symptoms) and a two-week diary period measuring mood, stress, and support. Results: A multilevel model analysis suggested that motherhood-related support predicted greater increases in daily distress than motherhood-unrelated support. Follow-up regression analysis showed that those who responded more negatively to motherhood-related support reported higher postpartum depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Although preliminary due to the sample size, the results suggest that how women interpret and respond to support may contribute to postpartum depression risk. Future research should focus on how mothers can more positively construe the support they receive in addition to how to increase the support available to them.

Bereavement as a potential turning point: Modeling between-person variability in adjustment to conjugal loss

P. Cohen, Turning Points: Theoretical Considerations, Research Designs, and a Preview of the Book. D. S. Nagin, T. Barker, E. Lacourse, R. E. Tremblay, The Inter-Relationship of Temporally Distinct Risk Markers and the Transition From Childhood Physical Aggression to Adolescent Violent Delinquency. C. Wimer, R. J. Sampson, J. H. Laub, Estimating Time-Varying Causes and Outcomes, With Application to Incarceration and Crime. D. Rindskopf, J. R.Sneed, Turning Points in Family Contact During Emerging Adulthood. A. M. Hussong, P. J. Curran, T. E. Moffitt, A. Caspi, Testing Turning Points Using Latent Growth Curve Models: Competing Models of Substance Abuse and Desistance in Young Adulthood. J. J. McArdle, L. Wang, Modeling Age-Based Turning Points in Longitudinal Life-Span Growth Curves of Cognition. C. T. Burke, P. E. Shrout, N. Bolger, Bereavement as a Potential Turning Point: Modeling Between-Person Variability in Adjustment to Conjugal Loss. M. Lindquist, T. D. Wager, Application of Change-Point Theory to Modeling State-Related Activity in fMRI. H. Chen, P. Cohen, K. Gordon, Using an Econometric Model of Change Points to Locate Turning Points in Individual Time Series. P. Cohen, K. Gordon, S. Kasen, H. Chen, Developmental Structural Change in the Maturity of Role Assumption.